Régulation de protéine C-réactive vasculaire dans le diabète de type 2

Les maladies cardiovasculaires sont la principale cause de mortalité dans les pays occidentaux et représentent une complication majeure du syndrome métabolique. Il est maintenant largement admis que l’athérosclérose est une maladie inflammatoire chronique et que l’inflammation joue un rôle pathogénique majeur dans l’initiation et la progression de la maladie athéromateuse. Il a été démontré qu’une augmentation des niveaux sériques de la protéine c-réactive (CRP), une protéine de la phase aigüe et un important constituant de la réponse immunitaire de type inné, est associée à un risque cardiovasculaire accru. Ainsi, il a été documenté qu’une augmentation de CRP, tant chez les sujets sains que chez les sujets diabétiques, était associée à une augmentation du risque de morbidité et de mortalité cardiovasculaires. De multiples évidences suggèrent que la CRP puisse non seulement constituer un marqueur de risque des maladies cardiovasculaires mais aussi représenter un facteur pro-athérogénique direct. La dysfonction endothéliale représente un des stades les plus précoces du processus athérosclérotique et un rôle de la CRP dans la pathogenèse de la dysfonction endothéliale est postulé. Outre son origine systémique, la CRP est produite dans la lésion athérosclérotique et par diverses cellules vasculaires, dont les cellules endothéliales. Afin d’élucider le rôle de la CRP vasculaire dans l’altération de la fonction endothéliale associée au syndrome métabolique, nous avons étudié la régulation de l’expression endothéliale de la CRP par les acides gras libres (AGL) et le rôle de la CRP endothéliale dans l’inhibition de la synthèse d’oxyde nitrique (NO) par les AGL. Nos résultats démontrent que :1) l’acide palmitique (PA) induit l’expression génique de CRP au niveau de cellules endothéliales aortiques humaines (HAECs) en culture et, augmente, de manière dose-dépendante, l’expression protéique de la CRP; 2) La pré-incubation des HAECs avec des antioxydants et des inhibiteurs de la i) protéine kinase C (PKC), ii) du facteur nucléaire-kappa B, iii) des Janus kinases et des protéines de transduction et de régulation de la transcription et iv) des protéines kinases activées par les mitogènes prévient l’effet stimulant du PA sur l’expression protéique et génique de la CRP; 3) Le traitement des HAECs par le PA induit une augmentation de la production des espèces réactives oxygénées, un effet prévenu par les inhibiteurs de la PKC et par l’AICAR(5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide 1-β-D-ribofuranoside), un activateur de la protéine kinase activée par l’AMP; 4) L’incubation des HAECs en présence de PA résulte enfin en une diminution de la production basale endothéliale de NO, un effet abrogé par la préincubation de ces cellules avec un anticorps anti-CRP. Dans l’ensemble, ces données démontrent un effet stimulant du PA sur l’expression de la CRP endothéliale via l’activation de kinases et de facteurs de transcription sensibles au stress oxydatif. Ils suggèrent en outre un rôle de la CRP dans la dysfonction endothéliale induite par les AGL.

Characterization of the AP endonuclease enzyme APN-1 from C. elegans

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Scoping review of adherence promotion theories in pelvic floor muscle training : 2011 ics state-of-the-science seminar research paper I of IV

Aims This paper, the first of four emanating from the International Continence Society's 2011 State-of-the-Science Seminar on pelvic-floor-muscle training (PFMT) adherence, aimed to summarize the literature on theoretical models to promote PFMT adherence, as identified in the research, or suggested by the seminar's expert panel, and recommends future directions for clinical practice and research. Methods Existing literature on theories of health behavior were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference-list checking, and input from the expert panel. A core eligibility criterion was that the study included a theoretical model to underpin adherence strategies used in an intervention to promote PFM training/exercise. Results A brief critique of 12 theoretical models/theories is provided and, were appropriate, their use in PFMT adherence strategies identified or examples of possible uses in future studies outlined. Conclusion A better theoretical-based understanding of interventions to promote PFMT adherence through changes in health behaviors is required. The results of this scoping review and expert opinions identified several promising models. Future research should explicitly map the theories behind interventions that are thought to improve adherence in various populations (e.g., perinatal women to prevent or lessen urinary incontinence). In addition, identified behavioral theories applied to PFMT require a process whereby their impact can be evaluated.

Pelvic-floor-muscle-training adherence “modifiers” : a review of primary qualitative studies : 2011 ICS State-of-the-Science Seminar research paper III of IV

Aims This review aims to locate and summarize the findings of qualitative studies exploring the experience of and adherence to pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) to recommend future directions for practice and research. Methods Primary qualitative studies were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference-list checking, and expert contact. A core eligibility criterion was the inclusion of verbatim quotes from participants about PFMT experiences. Details of study aims, methods, and participants were extracted and tabulated. Data were inductively grouped into categories describing “modifiers” of adherence (verified by a second author) and systematically displayed with supporting illustrative quotes. Results Thirteen studies (14 study reports) were included; eight recruited only or predominantly women with urinary incontinence, three recruited postnatal women, and two included women with pelvic organ prolapse. The quality of methodological reporting varied. Six “modifiers” of adherence were described: knowledge; physical skill; feelings about PFMT; cognitive analysis, planning, and attention; prioritization; and service provision. Conclusions Individuals' experience substantial difficulties with capability (particularly knowledge and skills), motivation (especially associated with the considerable cognitive demands of PFMT), and opportunity (as external factors generate competing priorities) when adopting and maintaining a PFMT program. Expert consensus was that judicious selection and deliberate application of appropriate behavior change strategies directed to the “modifiers” of adherence identified in the review may improve PFMT outcomes. Future research is needed to explore whether the review findings are congruent with the PFMT experiences of antenatal women, men, and adults with fecal incontinence.

Health professionals’ and patients’ perspectives on pelvic floor muscle training adherence : 2011 ICS State-of-the-Science Seminar research paper IV of IV

Aims There is scant information on pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) adherence barriers and facilitators. A web-based survey was conducted (1) to investigate whether responses from health professionals and the public broadly reflected findings in the literature, (2) if responses differed between the two groups, and (3) to identify new research directions. Methods Health professional and public surveys were posted on the ICS website. PFMT adherence barriers and facilitators were divided into four categories: physical/condition, patient, therapy, and social-economic. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics from quantitative data and thematic data analysis for qualitative data. Results Five hundred and fifteen health professionals and 51 public respondents participated. Both cohorts felt “patient-related factors” constituted the most important adherence barrier, but differed in their rankings of short- and long-term barriers. Health professionals rated “patient-related” and the public “therapy-related” factors as the most important adherence facilitator. Both ranked “perception of PFMT benefit” as the most important long-term facilitator. Contrary to published findings, symptom severity was not ranked highly. Neither cohort felt the barriers nor facilitators differed according to PFM condition (urinary/faecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse, pelvic pain); however, a large number of health professionals felt differences existed across age, gender, and ethnicity. Half of respondents in both cohorts felt research barriers and facilitators differed from those in clinical practice. Conclusions An emphasis on “patient-related” factors, ahead of “condition-specific” and “therapy-related,” affecting PFMT adherence barriers was evident. Health professionals need to be aware of the importance of long-term patient perception of PFMT benefits and consider enabling strategies.