The great asymmetry : America's closest allies in times of war

This dissertation focuses on military cooperation between the United States and its special allies. It argues that alliance expectations determine the level of military cooperation, while two intervening variables - the level of government cohesion and military capabilities - determine its implementation. This study also shows how secondary states deploy strategies to overcome power asymmetries through bilateral concessions, international organizations and by appealing to principle. The focus of the research is on special allies, as they have the most to gain or lose by going along with American plans. My contention is that secondary allies can rarely influence the dominant ally decisively, but they can act autonomously and resist to pressures exerted by the stronger alliance partner. The argument builds on three central claims. First, power asymmetries between allies translate into different assessments of international threats. Second, when disagreements over threats arise, the outcome of intra-alliance bargaining is not necessarily dictated by the preferences of the stronger power. Third, secondary states, as opposed to the dominant partner, face unique constraints when facing major foreign policy decisions, i.e. they face a trade-off between establishing a credible reputation as an alliance partner in a politically feasible way while minimizing domestic audience costs. To examine the theoretical puzzle presented by asymmetric military cooperation, I introduce a causal explanation that builds on neoclassical realism, to zone in on the interaction between systemic and domestic variables. My research makes a contribution to alliance theory and foreign policy decision-making by studying how special allies respond to American decisions in times of threat and how systemic constraints are channeled through state-level variables. To investigate the causal link between threat perception, alliance expectations and domestic constraints, this study relies on the method of structured focused comparison with three detailed case studies. The focus is on the initial decision made by special allies regarding whether or not to participle in joint mobilization with the United States. The decision-making process is presented from the perspective of secondary allied states and measures the explanatory factors that motivated the decision on military cooperation. The case studies are the UK, Canada and Australia’s response to the war in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq during the period of 2001 to 2003.

Dramaturgie de la scène primitive et passion postcourtoise : le couple Judith et Holopherne dans L’âge d’homme et L’Afrique fantôme de Michel Leiris

Ce mémoire propose une réflexion psychanalytique à partir de L'Âge d'homme et de L'Afrique fantôme de Michel Leiris. Il y est montré que la notion freudienne de scène primitive sert de paradigme à l'écriture autobiographique de cet auteur. Cette étude commence par approfondir les récits de rêves dans ces textes. Il s'agit d'emprunter la voie royale vers l'inconscient. Le moi du narrateur adopte une position masochiste devant des femmes phalliques dont il s'éprend. C'est ce qui le fait basculer dans la passion postcourtoise, notion développée par Paul-Laurent Assoun. La Dame se substitue à l'objet perdu et se présente comme une Judith meurtrière. Les nombreuses identifications du narrateur avec des personnages légendaires nous permettent de transposer son existence à l'intérieur d'une mythologie personnelle. L'analyse de ces fantaisies d'identification avec des modèles masculins révèle le sadisme de son surmoi. À Gondar, l'auteur tombe amoureux d'Emawayish, une sorcière éthiopienne, qui devient son double idéal de Lucrèce et Judith. Cette relation amoureuse répète inconsciemment la structure du complexe d'Œdipe. L'Âge d'homme apparaît comme une recherche du corps maternel et l'écriture autobiographique devient le moyen de remédier au sentiment mélancolique de perte d'objet d'amour.