Récits du vieillir « actif » et de la citoyenneté au quotidien : l’expérience des femmes aînées au Québec

Taken as a policy framework, active aging ranks high on most supranational bodies’ agenda. The new political economy of aging portrays “active” citizenship amongst seniors as a key challenge for the years to come. Our research focuses on, first, elderly women’s everyday ‘active’ practices, their meaning and purpose, in the context of Quebec’s active aging policy framework; and second, their day-to-day practical citizenship experiences. Informed by discourse analysis and a narrative approach, the life stories of women 60 to 70 years of age allowed for the identification of a plethora of distinctive old age activity figures. More specifically, four activity figures were identified by which respondents materialize their routine active practices, namely: (1) paid work; (2) voluntary and civic engagement; (3) physical activity; and (4) caregiving. Set against Quebec’s active aging policy framework, these patterns and set of practices that underpin them are clearly in tune with government’s dominant perspectives. Respondents’ narratives also show that active aging connotes a range of ‘ordinary’ activities of daily living, accomplished within people’s private worlds and places of proximity. Despite nuances, tensions and opposition found in dominant public discourse, as well as in active aging practices, a form of counter-discourse does not emerge from respondents’ narratives. To be active is normally the antithesis of immobility and dependence. Thus, to see oneself as active in old age draws on normative, positive assumptions about old age quite difficult to refute; nevertheless, discourses also raise identity and relational issues. In this respect, social inclusion issues cut across all active aging practices described by respondents. Moreover, a range of individual aims and quests underpin activity pattern. Such quests express respondents’ subjective interactions with their social environment; including their actions’ meaning and sense of social inclusiveness in old age. A first quest relates to personal identity and social integration to the world; a second one concerns giving; a third centers on the search for authenticity; whereas the fourth one is connected to a desire for freedom. It is through the objectivising of active practices and related existential pursuits that elderly woman recognize themselves as active citizens, rooted in the community, and variously contributing to society. Accordingly, ‘active’ citizenship experiences are articulated in a dialogic manner between the dimensions of ‘doing’, ‘active’ social practices, and ‘being’ in relation to others, within a context of interdependence. A proposed typology allows for the modeling of four ‘active’ citizenship figures. Overall, despite the role played by power relations and social inequality in structuring aging experiences, in everyday life ‘old age citizenship’ appears as a relational process, embedded in a set of social relations and practices involving individuals, families and communities, whereby elderly women are able to express a sense of agency within their social world.

L'India nell'immaginario occidentale

L'Inde a constitué un lieu de voyage pour beaucoup d`écrivains occidentaux, en particulier, pendant les années 60-70, pour cinq intelllectuels éuropéens et americains, qui ont voyagé et écrit différents textes. Pasolini, Moravia, Paz, Ginsberg et Duras ont parlé de l'Inde en utilisant différents languages pour décrire leur réncontre avec l'Autre au délà des catégories binaires occidentales.

Coût bioenergetique des modes de déplacements irréguliers en sport

The objective of this thesis was to quantify the physiological responses such as O2 uptake (VO2), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate ([LA]) to some types of activities associated with intermittent sports in athletes. Our hypothesis is that the introduction of accelerations and decelerations with or without directional changes results in a significative increase of the oxygen consumption, heart rate and blood lactate. The purpose of the first study was to measure and compare the VO2 and the HR of 6 on-court tennis drills at both high and low displacement speeds. These drills were done with and without striking the ball, over full and half-width court, in attack or in defense mode, using backhand or forehand strokes. Results show that playing an attacking style requires 6.5% more energy than playing a defensive style (p < 0.01) and the backhand stroke required 7% more VO2 at low speed than forehand stroke (p < 0.05) while the additional cost of striking the ball lies between 3.5 and 3.0 mL kg-1 min-1. Finally, while striking the ball, the energy expanded during a shuttle displacement on half-width court is 14% higher than running on full-width court. Studies #2 and #3 focused on different modes of displacement observed in irregular sports. The objective of the second study was to measure and compare VO2, HR and [LA] responses to randomly performed multiple fractioned runs with directional changes (SR) and without directional changes (FR) to those of in-line running (IR) at speeds corresponding to 60, 70 and 80% of the subject’s maximal aerobic speed (MAS). All results show that IR’s VO2 was significantly lower than SR’s and FR’s (p<0.05). SR’s VO2 was greater than FR’s only at speeds corresponding to 80%MAS. On the other hand, HR was similar in SR and FR but significantly higher than IR’s (p<0.05). [LA] varied between 4.2 ± 0.8 and 6.6 ± 0.9 mmol L-1 without significant differences between the 3 displacement modes. Finally, the third study’s objective was to measure and compare VO2 , HR and [LA] responses during directional changes at different angles and at different submaximal running speeds corresponding to 60, 70 and 80% MAS. Subjects randomly performed 4 running protocols 1) a 20-m shuttle running course (180°) (SR), 2) an 8-shaped running course with 90-degree turns every 20 m (90R), 3) a Zigzag running course (ZZR) with multiple close directional changes (~ 5 m) at different angle values of 91.8°, 90° and 38.6°, 4) an In-line run (IR) for comparison purposes. Results show that IR’s was lower (p<0.001) than for 90R’s, SR’s and ZZR’s at all intensities. VO2 obtained at 60 and 70%MAS was 48.7 and 38.1% higher during ZZR when compared to IR while and depending on the intensity, during 90R and SR was between 15.5 and 19.6% higher than during IR. Also, ZZR’s VO2 was 26.1 and 19.5% higher than 90R’s, 26.1 and 15.5% higher than SR’s at 60 and 70%MAS. SR’s and 90R’s VO2 were similar. Changing direction at a 90° angle and at 180° angle seem similar when compared to continuous in-line running. [LA] levels were similar in all modalities. Overall, the studies presented in this thesis allow the quantification of the specific energetic demands of certain types of displacement modes in comparison with conventional forward running. Also, our results confirm that the energy cost varies and increase with the introduction of accelerations and decelerations with and without directional changes.

Le collectif contrarié : analyse des manifestations du sujet national et de sa remise en cause dans l'oeuvre de Robert Morin

La nation s’est affirmée à partir de la fin du 18e siècle comme l’un des grands paramètres de la modernité. Sa remise en cause, tout spécialement dans les dernières décennies du siècle dernier, est à la fois partie prenante et symptomatique de l’actuel phénomène d’effritement des identités collectives. Le Québec n’échappe pas à ce courant de fond, comme en témoigne l’œuvre du vidéaste et cinéaste Robert Morin, qui propose une galerie de personnages en manque d’attaches et souvent réduits à leur propre subjectivité. Dans un contexte de questionnement généralisé des concepts de nation et de collectivité, ces individualités se sentent isolées et tentent désespérément de réactualiser les liens qui les unissent à leurs semblables, mais sans grand succès. La communauté revêt ainsi une dimension nostalgique, parcourant l’œuvre de Morin dans son entièreté et se manifestant de différentes manières, tant à l’écran qu’à travers son approche du médium qui reste grandement tributaire des pratiques filmiques et vidéographiques des années ’60 et ’70. Écartelé entre la prise de conscience de son isolement et son désir d’appartenir à une entité collective, qu’elle soit nationale ou autre, le sujet délié que l’on retrouve chez Morin, comme cette thèse tente de le démontrer, subit ce phénomène de déliaison et lutte simultanément pour l’enrayer.