Étude structuro-fonctionnelle de SecP43 et caractérisation de ses interactions avec SepSecS et l’ARNtSec in vitro

Selenoproteins are proteins containing selenium in the form of the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine. Selenocysteine (Sec) is directly synthesized onto its cognate tRNA (tRNA[Ser]Sec or tRNASec) and inserted into selenoproteins co-translationally with the help of various cis- and trans-acting factors. Among those factors, SecP43 has been reported to possibly play an essential role in the methylation at the 2’-hydroxylribosyl moiety in the wobble position (Um34) of Sec-tRNA[Ser]Sec and consequently reduce the expression of glutathione peroxidase 1. SecP43 also called tRNASec-associated protein has also been reported to interact in with SepSecS and tRNASec in vivo and the targeted removal of one of these proteins affected the binding of the other to the Sec-tRNASec. The initial aim of the project was to solve the structure of SecP43 by means of x-ray crystallography. Secondly, we were interested in characterizing the interaction of the latter with some of the components of the selenocysteine insertion machinery. These factors are SepSecS and tRNASec. We were able to optimize the expression and the purification of soluble form of the human homologue of SecP43 and of SepSecS by using an adapted auto-induction protocol. This was a major challenge considering that full length SecP43 has not been expressed and purify to date. We did not succeed in crystallizing SecP43. Our failure to crystallize SecP43 is probably due to the fact that it is a partially folded protein as we were able to demonstrate by SAXS (Small Angle X-ray Scattering). The SecP43 envelope calculated by SAXS displayed a rod-shape like structure. In order to enhance the stability of SecP43 required for crystallization, binding affinity studies were conducted to characterize the interaction between SecP43, tRNASec and SepSecS. We did not detect an interaction between SecP43 and tRNASec by using EMSA (Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay) and gel filtration. We also could not detect an interaction between SecP43 and SepSecS using a cross-linking assay. In contrast, the tRNASec/SepSecS interaction was demonstrated by EMSA and the addition of SecP43 seemed to reduce the binding affinity. Therefore, SecP43 might induce a conformational change in SepSecS in the presence of tRNASec.

By indirections find directions out : thinkable worlds in Abbott and Vonnegut

This thesis is concerned with the interaction between literature and abstract thought. More specifically, it studies the epistemological charge of the literary, the type of knowledge that is carried by elements proper to fictional narratives into different disciplines. By concentrating on two different theoretical methods, the creation of thought experiments and the framing of possible worlds, methods which were elaborated and are still used today in spheres as varied as modal logics, analytic philosophy and physics, and by following their reinsertion within literary theory, the research develops the theory that both thought experiments and possible worlds are in fact short narrative stories that inform knowledge through literary means. By using two novels, Abbott’s Flatland and Vonnegut’s The Sirens of Titan, that describe extra-dimensional existence in radically different ways, respectively as a phenomenologically unknowable space and as an outward perspective on time, it becomes clear that literature is constitutive of the way in which worlds, fictive, real or otherwise, are constructed and understood. Thus dimensions, established through extensional analogies as either experimental knowledge or modal possibility for a given world, generate new directions for thought, which can then take part in the inductive/deductive process of scientia. By contrasting the dimensions of narrative with the way that dimensions were historically constituted, the research also establishes that the literary opens up an infinite potential of abstract space-time domains, defined by their specific rules and limits, and that these different experimental folds are themselves partaking in a dimensional process responsible for new forms of understanding. Over against science fiction literary theories of speculation that posit an equation between the fictive and the real, this thesis examines the complex structure of many overlapping possibilities that can organise themselves around larger compossible wholes, thus offering a theory of reading that is both non-mimetic and non-causal. It consequently examines the a dynamic process whereby literature is always reconceived through possibilities actualised by reading while never defining how the reader will ultimately understand the overarching structure. In this context, the thesis argues that a causal story can be construed out of any one interaction with a given narrative—underscoring, for example, the divinatory strength of a particular vision of the future—even as this narrative represents only a fraction of the potential knowledge of any particular literary text. Ultimately, the study concludes by tracing out how novel comprehensions of the literary, framed by the material conditions of their own space and time, endlessly renew themselves through multiple interactions, generating analogies and speculations that facilitate the creation of new knowledge.

Les fortifications de la Grèce du Nord : catalogue raisonné

Les fortifications de la Grèce du Nord des époques archaïque, classique et hellénistique n’avaient à ce jour jamais fait l’objet d’une étude de synthèse permettant d’identifier, de décrire et de comparer l’ensemble des remparts de cette région. Mises à part les fortifications des grandes cités bien connues grâce aux fouilles archéologiques et à la bonne préservation des structures, telles Amphipolis, Philippi et Thasos, les autres murailles ou systèmes défensifs du Nord de l’Égée sont pratiquement inconnus, d’où l’intérêt d’une telle recherche. Les seuls ouvrages collectifs en lien avec les fortifications du Nord sont ceux de D. Lazaridis qui, en s’intéressant aux peraia de Thasos et Samothrace, nous laissa les plans topographiques de nombreux établissements fortifiés, sans toutefois en faire la description. Ce mémoire propose donc un catalogue raisonné de l’architecture militaire du Nord de la Grèce, complété par un commentaire exhaustif où les vestiges défensifs seront comparés de façon régionale et, lorsque possible, avec l’ensemble du monde grec. Au total, 37 établissements de plusieurs types (cité, phrourion et emporion) font l’objet de cette étude. Cependant, contrairement aux grandes études sur le sujet qui présentent de magnifiques remparts, cet ouvrage est souvent confronté à des vestiges fragmentaires qui certes, laissent place à l’interprétation et à la discussion, mais provoquent aussi une certaine frustration, puisque parfois, l’état des ruines restreint notre travail. Bien que le développement des fortifications grecques pose encore de nombreux problèmes, on constate une évolution architecturale aux périodes archaïque, classique et hellénistique, également attestée en Grèce du Nord. Mais comme le démontre notre étude, les Grecs établis dans ce territoire colonial provenaient de plusieurs régions et ils ont apporté avec eux leurs traditions et des techniques particulières qui ont largement influencées les ouvrages défensifs de leurs nouvelles cités.