Trajectoires décisionnelles de parents d’un enfant ayant une condition médicale complexe

Les progrès médicaux, technologiques et scientifiques réalisés au cours des dernières décennies permettent à de nombreux enfants de survivre à la prématurité, à la maladie ou à des traumatismes physiques. Certains survivent avec des problèmes de santé chroniques qui altèrent le fonctionnement de plusieurs organes. Certains doivent composer avec des incapacités physiques ou intellectuelles légères, modérées ou sévères et sont maintenus en situation de dépendance médico technologique dans un contexte où les services d’aide et le soutien à domicile ne répondent pas aux besoins réels des enfants et de leur famille. Ces avancées dans le champ de la santé offrent des choix auparavant inexistants : sauver ou non la vie de l’enfant? Ces nouvelles possibilités imposent aux parents des décisions parfois difficiles qui engagent des valeurs, des croyances et ont d’énormes conséquences pour les acteurs (l’enfant, ses parents, sa famille, les membres de l’équipe soignante et des professionnels), les institutions et toute la société. Ces choix renvoient à des visions des choses et du monde, à différentes conceptions de la vie et de la mort. En nous intéressant à la trajectoire décisionnelle de parents d’enfant atteint d’une condition médicale complexe, nous souhaitions comprendre la façon dont les parents prennent des décisions à propos de leur enfant. Nous voulions également saisir les motifs décisionnels et leur façon d’évoluer avec le temps. La pensée complexe d’Edgar Morin constitue l’assise théorique principale de la recherche. Nous avons réalisé des entretiens semi-dirigés auprès de 25 parents dont 15 mères et 10 pères. Parmi les principaux résultats, notons la multiplicité des types et des objets de décision, l’influence multisystémique des motifs décisionnels et la présence de processus qui se développent au fil de la trajectoire. Les résultats permettent de proposer quelques repères susceptibles d’améliorer l’accompagnement des parents exposés à des décisions complexes à propos de leur enfant gravement malade.

L'enfant au cinéma : la condition tragique d'une figure traumatique

La recherche vise à élaborer la condition tragique qui émane de la figure de l'enfant au cinéma – à travers ses traumas, ses blessures, voire sa destruction et sa perte – devant laquelle le spectateur adulte éprouve un certain malaise. Nous pouvons voir au cinéma des enfants aux prises avec des conditions de vie traumatisantes, voire inhumaines. Que ce soit les enfants abandonnés ou orphelins, les enfants violés, les enfants maltraités, les enfants victimes de guerre – incluant la dualité paradoxale qu’instaure l'enfant-soldat, de Ivan (« L’enfance d’Ivan », Tarkovski, 1962) à Komona (« Rebelle », Kim Nguyen, 2012) – ou les enfants face à la mort, diverses situations peuvent contribuer à inscrire l'enfance dans le registre du tragique, par la destruction ou la perte de l'enfance. L'enfance détruite porte en elle une blessure (trauma) – qu'elle soit physique ou psychique – qui renvoie au « manque », ou à la fragilité humaine que traduit l'image de l'enfant dit « sans secours ». Quand l’enfant doit faire face à une situation tragique où il est sans défense et confronté à son propre anéantissement, sa figure devient pour nous traumatique. Nous suggérons que le tragique place l’enfant au cinéma dans un après-coup qui renvoie à un traumatisme premier fondamental, prototype de toute situation traumatique. Pour le psychanalyste Sigmund Freud, ce serait un traumatisme lié à la détresse infantile – le « Hilflosigkeit » – qui correspond à la première angoisse vécue par le nourrisson dû à son impuissance (« Inhibition, symptôme et angoisse », [1926] 1951, Paris : PUF). Dans cette lignée, certains psychanalystes (comme Otto Rank ou Jean-Marie Delassus) préciseraient que le traumatisme s'installe dès la naissance, qui marque de manière universelle le premier sentiment de perte et d'angoisse suite à l'éjection dans un monde étranger et d'abord impossible, ce qui correspond à une dislocation première (suivant le sens qu’en propose Benoit Goetz dans « La dislocation » (2002, Paris : Éditions de la Passion)). L'enfant au cinéma, qui traverse des épreuves qui nous sont difficiles à concevoir, nous regarde et pointe en nous nos propres faiblesses, et cela interagit avec nos propres traumatismes. Quelques exemples filmiques viendront soutenir la recherche, avec principalement l’analyse d’un film exemplaire, « Les tortues volent aussi » de Bahman Ghobadi (2004).

Sexual and relationship intimacy among women with provoked vestibulodynia and their partners : associations with sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and pain self-efficacy

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most frequent subtype of vulvodynia. Women report negative consequences of PVD on their sexual and romantic relationships. Researchers have recently highlighted the importance of examining interpersonal factors such as intimacy, and of including both women and their partners in study designs. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate sexual and relationship intimacy as defined by the Interpersonal Process Model of Intimacy and their associations with sexual satisfaction, sexual function, pain self-efficacy, and pain intensity among women with PVD and their partners. Methods Ninety-one heterosexual women (M age = 27.38, SD = 6.04) diagnosed with PVD and their partners (M age = 29.37, SD = 7.79) completed measures of sexual and relationship intimacy, sexual satisfaction, sexual function, pain self-efficacy, and pain intensity. Main Outcome Measures Dependent measures were the (i) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale; (ii) Female Sexual Function Index; (iii) Painful Intercourse Self-Efficacy Scale; and (iv) visual analog scale of pain intensity during intercourse. Results After controlling for women's age, women's greater sexual intimacy (β = 0.49, P < 0.001) was associated with women's greater sexual satisfaction and higher pain self-efficacy (β = 0.39, P = 0.001), beyond the effects of partners’ sexual intimacy. Also, women's greater sexual intimacy (β = 0.24, P = 0.05) and women's greater relationship intimacy (β = 0.54, P = 0.003) were associated with greater women's sexual function, beyond the effects of partners’ sexual and relationship intimacy. Conclusions Women's self-reported sexual and relationship intimacy in the couple relationship may promote higher sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and pain self-efficacy, as well as possibly foster greater sexual well-being among women with PVD. The authors discuss implications for the inclusion of emotional and interpersonal aspects of the couple's dynamic in clinical interventions and future research in PVD.

Attachment, sexual assertiveness and sexual outcomes in women with provoked vestibulodynia and their partners : a mediation model.

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a prevalent women’s sexual pain disorder, which is associated with sexual function difficulties. Attachment theory has been used to understand adult sexual outcomes, providing a useful framework for examining sexual adaptation in couples confronted with PVD. Research to date indicates that anxious and avoidant attachment dimensions correlate with worse sexual outcomes in community and clinical samples. The present study examined the association between attachment, pain, sexual function and sexual satisfaction in a sample of 101 couples in which the women presented with PVD. The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model was used in order to investigate both actor and partner effects. This study also examined the role of sexual assertiveness as a mediator of these associations via structural equation modeling. Women completed measures of pain intensity and both members of the couple completed measures of romantic attachment, sexual assertiveness, sexual function and satisfaction. Results indicated that attachment dimensions did not predict pain intensity. Both anxious and avoidant attachment were associated with lower sexual satisfaction. Only attachment avoidance predicted lower sexual function in women. Partner effects indicated that higher sexual assertiveness in men predicted better sexual function in women, while higher sexual assertiveness in women predicted higher sexual satisfaction in men. Finally, women’s sexual assertiveness was found to be a significant mediator of the relationship between their attachment dimensions, sexual function and satisfaction. Findings highlight the importance of examining how anxious and avoidant attachment may lead to difficulties in sexual assertiveness and to less satisfying sexual interactions in couples where women suffer from PVD.

Why us? Perceived injustice is associated with more sexual and psychological distress in couples coping with genito-pelvic pain.

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most frequent cause of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD) and is associated with negative psychological and sexual consequences for affected women and their partners. PVD is often misdiagnosed or ignored and many couples may experience a sense of injustice, due to the loss of their ability to have a normal sexual life. Perceiving injustice has been documented to have important consequences in individuals with chronic pain. However, no quantitative research has investigated the experience of injustice in this population. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between perceived injustice and pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression among women with PVD and their partners. Methods Women diagnosed with PVD (N = 50) and their partners completed questionnaires of perceived injustice, pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression. Main Outcome Measures (1) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale; (2) Female Sexual Distress Scale; (3) Beck Depression Inventory-II; and (4) McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire. Results After controlling for partners' age, women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater sexual distress, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater depression, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher perceived injustice was not associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction but partners' higher perceived injustice was associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction. Perceived injustice was not associated with women's pain intensity. Conclusion Results suggest that perceiving injustice may have negative consequences for the couple's sexual and psychological outcomes. However, the effects of perceived injustice appear to be intra-individual. Targeting perceived injustice could enhance the efficacy of psychological interventions for women with PVD and their partners.

Are primary and secondary provoked vestibulodynia two different entities? A comparison of pain, psychosocial and sexual characteristics.

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is suspected to be the most frequent cause of vulvodynia in premenopausal women. Based on the onset of PVD relative to the start of sexual experience, PVD can be divided into primary (PVD1) and secondary PVD (PVD2). Studies comparing these PVD subgroups are inconclusive as to whether differences exist in sexual and psychosocial functioning. Aim The aim of this study was to compare the pain, sexual and psychosocial functioning of a large clinical and community-based sample of premenopausal women with PVD1 and PVD2. Methods A total of 269 women (n = 94 PVD1; n = 175 PVD2) completed measures on sociodemographics, pain, sexual, and psychosocial functioning. Main Outcome Measures Dependent variables were the 0–10 pain numerical rating scale, McGill–Melzack Pain Questionnaire, Female Sexual Function Index, Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction, Beck Depression Inventory-II, Painful Intercourse Self-Efficacy Scale, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Trait Subscale, Ambivalence over Emotional Expression Questionnaire, Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness, Experiences in Close Relationships Scale—Revised, and Dyadic Adjustment Scale-Revised. Results At first sexual relationship, women with PVD2 were significantly younger than women with PVD1 (P < 0.01). The average relationship duration was significantly longer in women with PVD2 compared with women with PVD1 (P < 0.01). Although women with PVD1 described a significantly longer duration of pain compared with women with PVD2 (P < 0.01), no significant subtype differences were found in pain intensity during intercourse. When controlling for the sociodemographics mentioned earlier, no significant differences were found in sexual, psychological, and relational functioning between the PVD subgroups. Nevertheless, on average, both groups were in the clinical range of sexual dysfunction and reported impaired psychological functioning. Conclusions The findings show that there are no significant differences in the sexual and psychosocial profiles of women with PVD1 and PVD2. Results suggest that similar psychosocial and sex therapy interventions should be offered to both subgroups of PVD.

To say or not to say : dyadic ambivalence over emotional expression and its associations with pain, sexuality, and distress in couples coping with provoked vestibulodynia.

Introduction Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a highly prevalent and taxing female genital pain condition. Despite the intimate nature of this pain and the fact that affective factors such as anxiety have been shown to modulate its manifestations, no study has yet explored the emotional regulation of couples in which the woman suffers from PVD. Aim Ambivalence over emotional expression (AEE) is an emotional regulation variable that quantifies the extent to which a person is comfortable with the way she or he expresses emotions. We examined whether the dyadic AEE of couples in which the woman suffers from PVD was differentially associated with women's pain and couples' psychological, sexual, and relational functioning. Methods Couples (N = 254), in which the woman suffered from PVD, completed the AEE questionnaire. A couple typology of dyadic AEE was created. Main Outcome Measures Dependent measures for both members of the couple were the global measure of sexual satisfaction scale, the Beck depression inventory II, and the revised dyadic adjustment scale. The female sexual function index and the sexual history form were used to assess the sexual function of women and men, respectively. Women also completed the pain rating index of the McGill pain questionnaire. Results Couples, in which both partners were considered low on AEE, had the highest scores on sexual satisfaction (P = 0.02) and function (P < 0.01), the lowest depression scores (P < 0.01), and the best dyadic adjustment (P = 0.02). No difference in pain intensity was found between couples. Conclusions Findings suggest that, for couples in which the woman suffers from PVD, an emotional regulation that is low in ambivalence in both partners is associated with better psychological, sexual, and relational outcomes. Results indicate that emotional regulation may be important to consider in the assessment and treatment of couples coping with PVD.

Beyond a "woman's problem" : the role of relationship processes in female genital pain

Female genital pain is a prevalent condition that can disrupt the psychosexual and relational well-being of affected women and their romantic partners. Despite the intimate context in which the pain can be elicited (i.e., during sexual intercourse), interpersonal correlates of genital pain and sexuality have not been widely studied in comparison to other psychosocial factors. This review describes several prevailing theoretical models explaining the role of the partner in female genital pain: the operant learning model, cognitive-behavioral and communal coping models, and intimacy models. The review includes a discussion of empirical research on the interpersonal and partner correlates of female genital pain and the impact of genital pain on partners’ psychosexual adjustment. Together, this research highlights a potential reciprocal interaction between both partners’ experiences of female genital pain. The direction of future theoretical, methodological, and clinical research is discussed with regard to the potential to enhance understanding of the highly interpersonal context of female genital pain

Relationship satisfaction moderates the associations between male partner responses and depression in women with vulvodynia : a dyadic daily experience study.

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L'apprentissage de l'évaluation de la condition mentale dans la formation des infirmières.

Rapport de stage présenté à la Faculté des sciences infirmières en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.), sciences infirmières option formation en soins infirmiers.