Transcriptional approach to study porcine tracheal epithelial cells individually or dually infected with swine influenza virus and Streptococcus suis

Background: Swine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection in pigs affecting the respiratory tract that can have significant economic impacts. Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is one of the most important post-weaning bacterial pathogens in swine causing different infections, including pneumonia. Both pathogens are important contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex. Outbreaks of swine influenza virus with a significant level of co-infections due to S. suis have lately been reported. In order to analyze, for the first time, the transcriptional host response of swine tracheal epithelial (NPTr) cells to H1N1 swine influenza virus (swH1N1) infection, S. suis serotype 2 infection and a dual infection, we carried out a comprehensive gene expression profiling using a microarray approach. Results: Gene clustering showed that the swH1N1 and swH1N1/S. suis infections modified the expression of genes in a similar manner. Additionally, infection of NPTr cells by S. suis alone resulted in fewer differentially expressed genes compared to mock-infected cells. However, some important genes coding for inflammatory mediators such as chemokines, interleukins, cell adhesion molecules, and eicosanoids were significantly upregulated in the presence of both pathogens compared to infection with each pathogen individually. This synergy may be the consequence, at least in part, of an increased bacterial adhesion/invasion of epithelial cells previously infected by swH1N1, as recently reported. Conclusion: Influenza virus would replicate in the respiratory epithelium and induce an inflammatory infiltrate comprised of mononuclear cells and neutrophils. In a co-infection situation, although these cells would be unable to phagocyte and kill S. suis, they are highly activated by this pathogen. S. suis is not considered a primary pulmonary pathogen, but an exacerbated production of proinflammatory mediators during a co-infection with influenza virus may be important in the pathogenesis and clinical outcome of S. suis-induced respiratory diseases.

Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and replication which is phenotypically distinct from MARC-145 cell line

Background Airborne transmitted pathogens, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), need to interact with host cells of the respiratory tract in order to be able to enter and disseminate in the host organism. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) and MA104 derived monkey kidney MARC-145 cells are known to be permissive to PRRSV infection and replication and are the most studied cells in the literature. More recently, new cell lines developed to study PRRSV have been genetically modified to make them permissive to the virus. The SJPL cell line origin was initially reported to be epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine. Thus, the goal of this study was to determine if SJPL cells could support PRRSV infection and replication in vitro. Results The SJPL cell growth was significantly slower than MARC-145 cell growth. The SJPL cells were found to express the CD151 protein but not the CD163 and neither the sialoadhesin PRRSV receptors. During the course of the present study, the SJPL cells have been reported to be of monkey origin. Nevertheless, SJPL cells were found to be permissive to PRRSV infection and replication even if the development of the cytopathic effect was delayed compared to PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells. Following PRRSV replication, the amount of infectious viral particles produced in SJPL and MARC-145 infected cells was similar. The SJPL cells allowed the replication of several PRRSV North American strains and were almost efficient as MARC-145 cells for virus isolation. Interestingly, PRRSV is 8 to 16 times more sensitive to IFNα antiviral effect in SJPL cell in comparison to that in MARC-145 cells. PRRSV induced an increase in IFNβ mRNA and no up regulation of IFNα mRNA in both infected cell types. In addition, PRRSV induced an up regulation of IFNγ and TNF-α mRNAs only in infected MARC-145 cells. Conclusions In conclusion, the SJPL cells are permissive to PRRSV. In addition, they are phenotypically different from MARC-145 cells and are an additional tool that could be used to study PRRSV pathogenesis mechanisms in vitro.

Capsular sialic acid of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 binds to swine influenza virus and enhances bacterial interactions with virus-infected tracheal epithelial cells.

Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important swine bacterial pathogen, and it is also an emerging zoonotic agent. It is unknown how S. suis virulent strains, which are usually found in low quantities in pig tonsils, manage to cross the first host defense lines to initiate systemic disease. Influenza virus produces a contagious infection in pigs which is frequently complicated by bacterial coinfections, leading to significant economic impacts. In this study, the effect of a preceding swine influenza H1N1 virus (swH1N1) infection of swine tracheal epithelial cells (NTPr) on the ability of S. suis serotype 2 to adhere to, invade, and activate these cells was evaluated. Cells preinfected with swH1N1 showed bacterial adhesion and invasion levels that were increased more than 100-fold compared to those of normal cells. Inhibition studies confirmed that the capsular sialic acid moiety is responsible for the binding to virus-infected cell surfaces. Also, preincubation of S. suis with swH1N1 significantly increased bacterial adhesion to/invasion of epithelial cells, suggesting that S. suis also uses swH1N1 as a vehicle to invade epithelial cells when the two infections occur simultaneously. Influenza virus infection may facilitate the transient passage of S. suis at the respiratory tract to reach the bloodstream and cause bacteremia and septicemia. S. suis may also increase the local inflammation at the respiratory tract during influenza infection, as suggested by an exacerbated expression of proinflammatory mediators in coinfected cells. These results give new insight into the complex interactions between influenza virus and S. suis in a coinfection model.

Propidium monoazide (PMA) and ethidium bromide monoazide(EMA) improve DNA array and high-throughput sequencing ofporcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus identification

Pan-viral DNA array (PVDA) and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) are useful tools to identify novel viruses of emerging diseases. However, both techniques have difficulties to identify viruses in clinical samples because of the host genomic nucleic acid content (hg/cont). Both propidium monoazide (PMA) and ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) have the capacity to bind free DNA/RNA, but are cell membrane-impermeable. Thus, both are unable to bind protected nucleic acid such as viral genomes within intact virions. However, EMA/PMA modified genetic material cannot be amplified by enzymes. In order to assess the potential of EMA/PMA to lower the presence of amplifiable hg/cont in samples and improve virus detection, serum and lung tissue homogenates were spiked with porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) and were processed with EMA/PMA. In addition, PRRSV RT-qPCR positive clinical samples were also tested. EMA/PMA treatments significantly decreased amplifiable hg/cont and significantly increased the number of PVDA positive probes and their signal intensity compared to untreated spiked lung samples. EMA/PMA treatments also increased the sensitivity of HTS by increasing the number of specific PRRSV reads and the PRRSV percentage of coverage. Interestingly, EMA/PMA treatments significantly increased the sensitivity of PVDA and HTS in two out of three clinical tissue samples. Thus, EMA/PMA treatments offer a new approach to lower the amplifiable hg/cont in clinical samples and increase the success of PVDA and HTS to identify viruses.

Étude de l’évolution du tropisme et de la pression sélective exercée sur le gène de l’enveloppe du virus de l’immunodéficience humaine de type 1 au cours de la grossesse et à l’échelle de la population.

Introduction. Le VIH-1 évolue en fonction de la réponse immunitaire spécifique de l’hôte. La pression sélective exercée par la réponse immunitaire VIH-spécifique de l’hôte entraine l’évolution des gènes viraux et à terme détermine l’évolution de la maladie. Cette évolution du virus à l’échelle d’un individu façonne également l’évolution du virus à l’échelle de la population et détermine le devenir de l’épidémie. Le VIH utilise les corécepteurs d’entrée CCR5 (virus R5) et CXCR4 (virus X4) afin d’infecter la cellule cible, et l’évolution du tropisme du virus de R5 vers X4, appelé switch du tropisme, est associé à la progression de la maladie. Les virus R5 sont rencontrés en début d’infection tandis que les virus X4 apparaissent en fin de maladie chez un certain de nombre de patients et sont considérés comme plus virulents. La pression sélective immunitaire exercée sur le gène de l’enveloppe (env) peut donc entrainer l’évolution du tropisme du VIH. La grossesse est un état immunitaire particulier considéré comme étant principalement caractérisé par un biais Th2 nécessaire à l’établissement de la tolérance materno-fétale. Le switch de tropisme de R5 vers X4 en grossesse n’a jamais été documenté, de même que l’évolution des déterminants du tropisme à l’échelle de la population. Hypothèses. Les changements immunitaires associés à l’initiation et la progression de la grossesse engendrent des changements dans la pression immunitaire exercée sur l’enveloppe et peuvent favoriser le switch du tropisme. L’évolution du tropisme du VIH-1 peut être observé à l’échelle de la population au même titre que l’évolution de l’enveloppe virale. Objectifs. Analyser l’évolution du tropisme et décrire la pression sélective sur l’enveloppe des femmes enceintes infectées par le VIH-1. Analyser l’évolution des déterminants du tropisme à l’échelle de la population. Méthodes. Nous avons dans un premier temps analysé l’évolution des déterminants du tropisme et déterminé le génotype et phénotype du VIH-1 chez 19 femmes enceintes issues de la cohorte du centre maternel et infantile sur le SIDA de l’hôpital Sainte-Justine (CMIS). Nous avons ensuite caractérisé et comparé la pression sélective exercée sur env, par une méthode bayésienne, chez 31 femmes enceinte et 29 femmes non-enceintes. Enfin, nous avons analysé et comparé des déterminants du tropisme entre des séquences d’enveloppe contemporaines et anciennes, issues des bases de données du NCBI. Résultats. Nos résultats montrent la présence de virus X4 chez la moitié de notre cohorte, et un switch de tropisme de R5 vers X4 chez 5/19 sujets. Les séquences des femmes enceintes présentaient des taux de substitutions plus élevées que celles des femmes non-enceintes. La pression sélective dans la région C2 était plus faible chez les femmes enceintes que chez les femmes non-enceintes, et différait dans 4 positions entre ces 2 groupes. Cette sélection diminuait au cours de la grossesse chez les patientes traitées. Enfin, une accumulation de mutations X4 a été observée dans les séquences R5 contemporaines par rapport aux séquences R5 anciennes. Conclusion. Les changements immunitaires associés à la grossesse semblent induire des modifications subtiles dans la pression sélective exercée sur env, suffisant à influencer l’évolution du tropisme de R5 vers X4. Un switch du tropisme à l’échelle de la population impliquerait une épidémie évoluant vers une plus grande virulence du virus. Nos résultats sont d’importance en ce qui concerne la prophylaxie antirétrovirale pour la santé de la mère et la prévention de la transmission mère-enfant du VIH-1. Ils sont aussi importants concernant l’avenir de la thérapie antirétrovirale dans le contexte d’une épidémie évoluant vers une plus grande virulence

Rôle de la protéine virale Vpu dans le cycle de multiplication du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1)

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.