Projets et utopies au Québec : Les années 1960 et 1970 : entre sculpture et architecture

Depuis la publication de l’Utopia de Thomas More au XVIe siècle, la notion d’utopie s’est vue appropriée par différents domaines d’expression artistique. Bien vite, l’architecture et l’urbanisme en font leur apanage lorsqu’il est question de concilier, en des dessins et des plans, des sociétés idéalisées et leurs représentations. La modernité et les nouvelles technologies modifient les modalités de l’utopie qui tend alors vers l’actualisation de ses modèles en des projets construits. Le XXe siècle est aussi marqué par une abondance de formes et d’idées dont la transmission et le partage sont accélérés par la création de nouveaux médias. Si les années 1960 et 1970 sont le lieu d’émergence de formes expérimentales et de projets utopiques, notamment alimentés par la Révolution tranquille et Mai 68, il est encore difficile au Québec de retracer ces projets en arts et en architecture puisqu’ils sont peu documentés. Par l’étude de la pratique artistique d’Yvette Bisson (1926-), de Robert Roussil (1925-2013) et de Melvin Charney (1935-2012), ce mémoire propose d’observer les différentes tactiques d’appropriation de l’espace auxquelles s’apparentent les modalités de la sculpture de ces trois artistes. Par l’intermédiaire de Michel de Certeau, Henri Lefebvre et Louis Marin, nous chercherons à expliquer quelle est la teneur critique des imaginaires mis en œuvre par les trois artistes pour créer de nouveaux lieux utopiques de la sculpture.

Inversion comique ou critique satirique ? La vue du Capitole de Hieronymus Cock (1562)

Hieronymus Cock's view of the Capitoline Hill, published in 1562 series on Roman ruins, has long been considered a useful document by historians of art and architecture for the key historical and topographical information it contains on one of Rome's most celebrated sites during the Renaissance. Beyond its documentary nature, which, as will appear, was essentially rhetorical, the view also offers much information as to how a mid sixteenth-century Flemish artist might perceive Rome's illustrious topography and celebrated ancient statuary. In other words, Cock's engraving enables us to put into practice what may be called an "archaeology of the gaze". Through previously unnoticed details, Cock invents a comical - verging on the satirical - vision of the antique sculptures proudly displayed on the famous piazza. Such an ironical reversal of Italian classical dignity is typical of the attitude of some contemporary Flemish artists, such as Pieter Brueghel, who was then close to Cock, and exposes the ambivalent position of some Northern European artists towards the classical tradition and Italian art theory. Finally, the analysis of other engravings of ruins by Hieronymus Cock where two emblematic characters - the draftsman and the 'kakker' (the one who defecates) - appear side by side, sheds light on the origin and possible significance of these comical and subversive details.

The Forgotten Side of Partisanship: Negative Party Identification in Four Anglo-American Democracies

Early studies of electoral behavior proposed that party identification could be negative as well as positive. Over time, though, the concept became mostly understood as a positive construct. The few studies that took negative identification into account tended to portray it as a marginal factor that went “hand-in-hand” with positive preferences. Recent scholarship in psychology reaffirms, however, that negative evaluations are not simply the bipolar opposite of positive ones. This article considers negative party identification from this standpoint, and evaluates its impact in recent national elections in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Our findings highlight the autonomous power of negative partisanship. They indicate as well that ideology has an influence on both positive and negative partisan identification.

Ambiguity on the insurer's side: the demand for insurance

Empirical evidence suggests that ambiguity is prevalent in insurance pricing and underwriting, and that often insurers tend to exhibit more ambiguity than the insured individuals (e.g., [23]). Motivated by these findings, we consider a problem of demand for insurance indemnity schedules, where the insurer has ambiguous beliefs about the realizations of the insurable loss, whereas the insured is an expected-utility maximizer. We show that if the ambiguous beliefs of the insurer satisfy a property of compatibility with the non-ambiguous beliefs of the insured, then there exist optimal monotonic indemnity schedules. By virtue of monotonicity, no ex-post moral hazard issues arise at our solutions (e.g., [25]). In addition, in the case where the insurer is either ambiguity-seeking or ambiguity-averse, we show that the problem of determining the optimal indemnity schedule reduces to that of solving an auxiliary problem that is simpler than the original one in that it does not involve ambiguity. Finally, under additional assumptions, we give an explicit characterization of the optimal indemnity schedule for the insured, and we show how our results naturally extend the classical result of Arrow [5] on the optimality of the deductible indemnity schedule.

Effect of Polymer Architecture on the Structural and Biophysical Properties of PEG-PLA Nanoparticles

Polymers made of poly(ethylene glycol) chains grafted to poly(lactic acid) chains (PEG-g-PLA) were used to produce stealth drug nanocarriers. A library of comb-like PEG-g-PLA polymers with different PEG grafting densities was prepared in order to obtain nanocarriers with dense PEG brushes at their surface, stability in suspension, and resistance to protein adsorption. The structural properties of nanoparticles (NPs) produced from these polymers by a surfactant-free method were assessed by DLS, zeta potential, and TEM and were found to be controlled by the amount of PEG present in the polymers. A critical transition from a solid NP structure to a soft particle with either a “micelle-like” or “polymer nano-aggregate” structure was observed when the PEG content was between 15 to 25% w/w. This structural transition was found to have a profound impact on the size of the NPs, their surface charge, their stability in suspension in presence of salts as well as on the binding of proteins to the surface of the NPs. The arrangement of the PEG-g-PLA chains at the surface of the NPs was investigated by 1H NMR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). NMR results confirmed that the PEG chains were mostly segregated at the NP surface. Moreover, XPS and quantitative NMR allowed quantifying the PEG chain coverage density at the surface of the solid NPs. Concordance of the results between the two methods was found to be remarkable. Physical-chemical properties of the NPs such as resistance to aggregation in saline environment as well as anti-fouling efficacy were related to the PEG surface density and ultimately to polymer architecture. Resistance to protein adsorption was assessed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) using lysozyme. The results indicate a correlation between PEG surface coverage and level of protein interactions. The results obtained lead us to propose such PEG-g-PLA polymers for nanomedecine development as an alternative to the predominant polyester-PEG diblock polymers.

Effect of polymer architecture on Curcumin 1 encapsulation and release from PEGylated polymer nanoparticles: toward a drug delivery nano-platform to the CNS

We developed a nanoparticles (NPs) library from poly(ethylene glycol)–poly lactic acid comb-like polymers with variable amount of PEG. Curcumin was encapsulated in the NPs with a view to develop a delivery platform to treat diseases involving oxidative stress affecting the CNS. We observed a sharp decrease in size between 15 and 20% w/w of PEG which corresponds to a transition from a large solid particle structure to a “micelle-like” or “polymer nano-aggregate” structure. Drug loading, loading efficacy and release kinetics were determined. The diffusion coefficients of curcumin in NPs were determined using a mathematical modeling. The higher diffusion was observed for solid particles compared to “polymer nano-aggregate” particles. NPs did not present any significant toxicity when tested in vitro on a neuronal cell line. Moreover, the ability of NPs carrying curcumin to prevent oxidative stress was evidenced and linked to polymer architecture and NPs organization. Our study showed the intimate relationship between the polymer architecture and the biophysical properties of the resulting NPs and sheds light on new approaches to design efficient NP-based drug carriers.

Ambiguity on the insurer's side: the demand for insurance

Empirical evidence suggests that ambiguity is prevalent in insurance pricing and underwriting, and that often insurers tend to exhibit more ambiguity than the insured individuals (e.g., [23]). Motivated by these findings, we consider a problem of demand for insurance indemnity schedules, where the insurer has ambiguous beliefs about the realizations of the insurable loss, whereas the insured is an expected-utility maximizer. We show that if the ambiguous beliefs of the insurer satisfy a property of compatibility with the non-ambiguous beliefs of the insured, then there exist optimal monotonic indemnity schedules. By virtue of monotonicity, no ex-post moral hazard issues arise at our solutions (e.g., [25]). In addition, in the case where the insurer is either ambiguity-seeking or ambiguity-averse, we show that the problem of determining the optimal indemnity schedule reduces to that of solving an auxiliary problem that is simpler than the original one in that it does not involve ambiguity. Finally, under additional assumptions, we give an explicit characterization of the optimal indemnity schedule for the insured, and we show how our results naturally extend the classical result of Arrow [5] on the optimality of the deductible indemnity schedule.