Entreprise mythique et leadership éthique

Le présent article a pour objectif de mieux saisir les enjeux philosophiques qui sont intrinsèquement liés à la transformation progressive d’une méga-corporation en entreprise « mythique », et par conséquent de décrire les temporalités propres à l’entreprise mythique, de sorte à pouvoir mieux reconnaître comment des méga-corporations sont en voie de devenir des entreprises dites « mythiques ». Nous ferons également état des défis que la méga-corporation en voie de devenir mythique doit assumer afin d’éviter de tomber dans les pièges idéologiques typiques de sa mythicisation, plus spécifiquement le défi d’assumer un leadership éthique de type transformationnel, en tant qu’expression de l’essence de l’organisation, ou de sa raison d’être.

Adam Smith, Moral Motivation and Business Ethics

This paper shows how Adam Smith’s concept of moral motivation applies to business ethics and ethical consumption. Moral motivation for Smith is embedded in his moral psychology and his theory of virtue, particularly in terms of socialization and our social interactions and in his view that people always seek approval for their conduct, either though actual or ideal spectators. It follows that right conduct depends on the spectator’s awareness of one’s conduct. Thus concerning business ethics, transparency and accountability are essential, as opposed to anonymity which is detrimental. Applying Smith’s theory of motivation to consumption entails two further points: One, information concerning business conduct without consumers seeking it and acting accordingly will only have a limited effect. Two, people’s concern for the propriety of their action can and should include consumption, such that purchasing behavior becomes a moral issue rather than a mere economic one.

Résilience spontanée, résilience suscitée. Les complexités de l’action humanitaire en « zone LRA » (Est de la République Centrafricaine)

Le Sud-Est centrafricain est touché depuis 2009 par les exactions de la Lord Resistance Army (LRA). La peur qu’inspire cette rébellion ougandaise déstabilise toute la région, en poussant les habitants des villages à se réfugier dans les villes, et en provoquant une situation d’urgence alimentaire. Elle conduit aussi à un afflux d’acteurs humanitaires, dont l’objectif est d’accroître la résilience des populations, c’est-à-dire leurs capacités à faire face au choc du pillage, mais aussi à celui, plus diffus, d’une insécurité persistante. Trois questions se posent alors. Quelles sont, tout d’abord, les pratiques adoptées par les ces populations face à une telle insécurité ? Quelles sont, ensuite, les contributions des acteurs humanitaires à ces capacités, en dépit des complexités du contexte d’intervention et d’éventuels effets pervers ? Nous sommes là au coeur des interrogations en termes d’éthique de l’intervention humanitaire, que nous fondons sur le principe de précaution sociale. Enfin, résiliences spontanée et suscitée sont-elles, peuvent-elles être, compatibles, dans cet Est centrafricain confronté à une situation de « crise prolongée » ? Des éléments de réponse sont apportés à ces trois questions, sur la base d’études quantitatives et qualitatives menées dans trois petites villes du Haut-Mbomou.

Gestion participative, capabilités et résilience dans les forêts classées de Côte d’Ivoire

Dans le domaine de la gestion durable des ressources naturelles, l’approche participative est apparue depuis une vingtaine d’années comme une voie alternative de gestion entre l’Etat et le marché. L’efficacité de cette approche dépend cependant de l’implication de toutes les parties prenantes, notamment des populations locales. Quels sont les déterminants de cette implication ? Quelles en sont les modalités ? L’analyse des systèmes de production agrosylvicoles en Côte d’Ivoire a permis de mettre en évidence l’importance des variables de capabilités, comme le revenu et le capital social. La perspective de soutenabilité sociale implique une contextualisation qui permet de prendre en compte les effets de seuil susceptibles de caractériser un processus de résilience ou non. Les variables de capabilités peuvent dès lors servir de leviers d’implication des populations locales dans la mise en oeuvre des projets forestiers participatifs.

Seuil relatif, mesure floue de la pauvreté. Nouvelles propositions

Afin de contourner la définition usuelle de la pauvreté selon laquelle les individus sont pauvres s’ils sont en deçà d’un certain seuil nous appliquons la méthode floue pour proposer des classes d'indices flous de pauvreté unidimensionnelle et multidimensionnelle basées sur la définition d'une fonction d’appartenance et un seuil de pauvreté par ménage. Nous illustrons également certains de nos concepts proposés à partir d’une enquête réalisée en 1990 sur des ménages tunisiens. Nous cherchons à montrer comment les choix des autorités publiques ou des institutions internationales peuvent se refléter dans ces indices de pauvreté.

Global Justice, Basic Goods and the Sufficiency Threshold Claim

This paper deals with a prevailing assumption that basic goods are accessory to claims of justice. Against such an assumption, the paper advances the idea that basic goods (the core of what I wish to call the sufficiency threshold) are fundamental as a matter of justice. The paper then addresses the question as to what is the elemental justifiability of a social minimum and how that relates to theories of justice, particularly to emerging theories of global justice. The arguments against the aforementioned assumption call upon the strengths of a general theory of justice already in place, namely, John Rawls’s theory of justice and the enriching response and criticism thereof—particularly David Miller’s theory of justice.

Exploitation as a Path to Development: Sweatshop Labour, Micro-Unfairness, and the Non-Worseness Claim

Sweatshop labour is sometimes defended from critics by arguments that stress the voluntariness of the worker’s choice, and the fact that sweatshops provide a source of income where no other similar source exists. The idea is if it is exploitation—as their opponents charge—it is mutually beneficial and consensual exploitation. This defence appeals to the non-worseness claim (NWC), which says that if exploitation is better for the exploited party than neglect, it cannot be seriously wrong. The NWC renders otherwise exploitative—and therefore morally wrong—transactions permissible, making the exploitation of the global poor a justifiable path to development. In this paper, I argue that the use of NWC for the case of sweatshops is misleading. After reviewing and strengthening the exploitation claims made concerning sweatshops, most importantly by refuting certain allegations that a micro-unfairness account of exploitation cannot evaluate sweatshop labour as exploitative, I then argue that even if this practice may seem permissible due to benefits otherwise unavailable to the global poor, there remains a duty to address the background conditions that make this form of wrong-doing possible, which the NWC cannot accommodate. I argue that the NWC denies this by unreasonably limiting its scope and is therefore incomplete, and ultimately unconvincing.

The Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Crisis and American Payday Lending: Two Studies in Vulnerability

Microcredit, a non-profit lending approach that is often championed as a source of women’s inclusion and empowerment, has in the past decade been followed by microfinance, a forprofit sibling of a different temperament. Microfinance in India is now in turmoil, precipitated by legislation in the state of Andhra Pradesh, which has encouraged withholding of payment, which in turn has frozen the market. This paper considers one precipitating condition of the crisis: the remarkable, new, and developing burden of formal economic debt that poor women in the state have only recently come to hold – debt that now surpasses one year’s family income, on average. The development of this lending sector follows upon innovation in lending to the poor of the global north over the past two decades, and the practices show noteworthy parallels. Both lending schemes have produced similar disproportionate burdens upon some low-status individuals within their respective economic orders, and both may exploit a vulnerability that is born of aspiration and produces great dysfunction for borrowers. This paper introduces the two lending schemes, sketches the parallels, and introduces the claim that ethical finance arrangements for the poor require attention to vulnerability, an under-utilized category in both liberal ethical theory and in finance.

A Tangled Web? Asking the Gender Question in the Multilateral Development Banks’ Law and Justice Policies in India

Over the course of the last two decades, IFIs (most prominently the World Bank) have begun acknowledging the centrality of human development as an essential element of the economic development process if the growth aimed at is to be holistic and sustainable. Strikingly, there is no agreement on the manner in which this approach is to be achieved, especially in the field of gender and development. This paper focuses on the issue of whether the Multilateral Development Banks’ policies have truly attempted at implementing their stated model of gender mainstreaming through their programmes and projects in India, with a specific focus on the legal sector, since that sector has both instrumental and intrinsic value for gender rights advocates. This article will aim at reviewing their approach towards rule of law projects and the manner in which gender equality norms have or have not been addressed within that framework; it will end with recommendations as to the necessary issues which gender programmes must address within the rule of law framework in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of gender equity.

Securing Tenure for Sustainable Livelihoods: A Case of Women Land Ownership in Anglophone Cameroon

The majority of women in Third World countries depend on land for their livelihood. Security of tenure is important for them to ensure sustainable development, especially in rural areas. In most parts of Africa, land ownership is affected by traditional values, inheritance rights, and government influence. These forces have provided varying types of tenure which are detrimental to the women in rural and urban areas. Land acquisition and its development has been an emotive issue due to traditional pressures and the law as regards the process of land certification. The government and traditional administrations are highly involved in the way women own land and subsequently develop it in Anglophone Cameroon. State authority over land acquisition is important, but the process for obtaining land title is herculean especially for the rural woman. This study illustrates that land acquisition and development by women constitute a problem because of traditional pressures and the law guiding the process of land certification. There is need to exhume the barriers of government’s legal instrument (The Land Consultative Board) that regulates the ownership of land and to revisit some traditional practices as regards land ownership that impact negatively on women in a changing and globalizing world. A compromise approach is advocated for land acquisition that can transcend traditional barriers as well as render the process of land registration more realistic especially for women.

Enjeux économiques et éthiques de la mesure du travail non rémunéré des femmes

A large part of the work done by women is not counted in the gross national product (GDP) of nations. Which type of work are we referring to? Unpaid work; also commonly called domestic work. Because all the services produced by households for their own consumption are not subject to monetary exchange, they are excluded from de production boundary defined by the United Nations System of National Accounts (SNA). In doing so, this key statistics, inspired by the Keynesian school of thoughts, shows an accepted iniquity in the quantification of the product since women’s productive contribution within the households is not taken into account. In other words, national accounts are not gender neutral. In fact, this breach of a fundamental ethical rule which is equity towards gender inequalities is just the reflection of a social conception that prevails within the SNA since its creation, namely that domestic work is not considered as work. It is therefore essential to quantify women’s unpaid work, a concern that has long been the preserve of feminist activists even though; this should go beyond feminists considerations. This article shows how the issue of measuring unpaid work on a broader prospective is relevant on both ethical and economic fronts. The recognition of this production factor as a macroeconomic variable is indeed fundamental to get a more complete understanding and assessment of the economy. Valorization of unpaid work would also allow women to claim better retribution, or at least, to expect an effective social recognition of their actions and efforts and in the end would contribute to the establishment of greater social justice.