The capillary supply of human skeletal muscle in health and disease

BACKGROUND: Capillaries function to provide a surface area for nutrient and waste exchange with cells. The capillary supply of skeletal muscle is highly organized, and therefore, represents an excellent choice to study factors regulating diffusion. Muscle is comprised of three specific fibre types, each with specific contractile and metabolic characteristics, which influence the capillary supply of a given muscle; in addition, both environmental and genetic factors influence the capillary supply, including aging, physical training, and various disease processes. OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to develop and assess the functionality of a data base, from which virtual experiments can be conducted on the capillary supply of human muscle, and the adaptations of the capillary bed in muscle to various perturbations. METHODS: To create the database, an extensive search of the literature was conducted using various search engines, and the three key words - "capillary, muscle, and human". This search yielded 169 papers from which the data for the 46 variables on the capillary supply and fibre characteristics of muscle were extracted for inclusion in the database. A series of statistical analyses (ANOVA) were done on the capillary database to examine differences in skeletal muscle capillarization and fibre characteristics between young and old individuals, between healthy and diseased individuals, and between untrained, endurance trained, endurance welltrained, and resistance trained individuals, using SAS. RESULTS: There was a significantly higher capillarization in the young compared to the old individuals, in the healthy compared to the diseased individuals, and in the endurance-trained and endurance well-trained compared to the untrained individuals. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support the conclusion that the capillary supply of skeletal muscle is closely regulated by factors aimed at optimizing oxygen and nutrient supply and/or waste removal in response to changes in muscle mass and/or metabolic activity.

Untangling the Organizational Ambiguities in Supply Chain Risk Recognition, Assessment, and Response: The Role of Network Embeddedness

In this thesis, I focus on supply chain risk related ambiguity, which represents the ambiguities firms exhibit in recognizing, assessing, and responding to supply chain disruptions. I, primarily, argue that ambiguities associated with recognizing and responding to supply chain risk are information gathering and processing problems. Guided by the theoretical perspective of bounded rationality, I propose a typology of supply chain risk related ambiguity with four distinct dimensions. I, also, argue that the major contributor to risk related ambiguity is often the environment, specifically the web of suppliers. Hence, I focus on the characteristics of these supplier networks to examine the sources of ambiguity. I define three distinct elements of network embeddedness – relational, structural, and positional embeddedness – and argue that the ambiguity faced by a firm in appropriately identifying the nature or impacts of major disruptions is a function of these network properties. Based on a survey of large North American manufacturing firms, I found that the extent of the relational ties a firm has and its position in the network are significantly related to supply chain risk related ambiguity. However, this study did not provide any significant support for the hypothesized relationship between structural embeddedness and ambiguity. My research contributes towards the study of supply chain disruptions by using the idea of bounded rationality to understand supply chain risk related ambiguity and by providing evidence that the structure of supply chain networks influences the organizational understanding of and responses to supply chain disruptions.

Report on Water Supply for Town of St. Catharines

Report (20 page booklet) on a water supply for the town of St. Catharines by Thomas Monro, civil engineer. This is addressed to Lucious S. Oille, M.D., chairman of the Water Committee of St. Catharines, June 10, 1875.

Crown timber regulations

Crown timber regulations which include: 2 double-sided printed pages issued by the Department of Crown Lands (2 copies). Included with this are 3 printed slips of paper. 2 of these are Order and Regulations by S. Richards, Commissioner of Crown Lands, dated May 28, 1869 and 1 is a notice of sale of timber berths dated Aug.1, 1872 by Richard Wm. Scott, commissioner, 1869, 1872.

Printed Blank by which John Brown Cullen solemnly declares that he is experienced in the art of measuring and culling timber

Printed blank by which John Brown Cullen solemnly declares that he is experienced in the art of measuring and culling timber. He states that he is entering into the service of Burton and Bro. of Barrie He will make out the specification of the timber in berths 192 and 198 and submit his findings to Burton and Brother, Oct. 22, 1877.

Declaration from John Brown, culler who states that there are 1167 pieces which equal 75704 cubic feet of timber to be culled

Declaration from John Brown, culler who states that there are 1167 pieces which equal 75704 cubic feet of timber to be culled, April 9, 1878.

Chart of bill of timber in bridges, culverts, cattle-guard and roadways, signed by S.D. Woodruff

Chart of bill of timber in bridges, culverts, cattle-guard and roadways, signed by S.D. Woodruff, Oct. 18, 1855.

List of [timber railway] piles delivered and driven

List of [timber railway] piles delivered and driven (1 page, handwritten). This is signed by Alex Morrison, July 1856.

Chart of the bill of timber for the railway bridge near Hurst’s, signed by S.D. Woodruff

Chart of the bill of timber for the railway bridge near Hurst’s, signed by S.D. Woodruff, Oct. 15, 1855.

Letter to S.D. Woodruff stating the total quantity of timber plank in the Port Robinson Bridge at Chippawa

Letter to S.D. Woodruff stating the total quantity of timber plank in the Port Robinson Bridge at Chippawa. This is signed by Fred Holmes, Oct. 6, 1857.

Letter (unsigned) to George H. Gillespie regarding Col. Clark’s proposal regarding timber in Long Point

Letter (unsigned) to George H. Gillespie regarding Col. Clark’s proposal regarding timber in Long Point. The writer [S.D. Woodruff] makes the argument that the point was purchased as a sporting preserve so it is desirable not to take the timber off the land, Aug. 5, 1868.

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from George H. Gillespie stating that Col. Clark has withdrawn his proposal about timber on the point

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from George H. Gillespie stating that Col. Clark has withdrawn his proposal about timber on the point. “Please send your views”, Aug. 10, 1868.

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain, and cleaning of fallen timber by Andrew Mains, signed by S.D. Woodruff

County of Welland estimate (copy) of work done on the main drain, and cleaning of fallen timber by Andrew Mains, signed by S.D. Woodruff. Estimate no.1, Oct., 1856.