Ethics in government and business

Canadians appear to hold the activities of those in government and in big business in low esteem. Media reports of several high-profile political and corporate instances of unethical conduct have reinforced the public's concern for the status of ethical conduct and honesty in government and in big business. The response by public and private sector managers to unethical conduct by employees is largely in the form of 'ethical rules' which both sectors agree provide a measure of certainty as to the ethical conduct expected from employees. Since research on ethics in the public and private sectors is limited and since ethics is a topic of increasing concern to both sectors, this thesis provides data that could assist managers in dealing with the issue of ethical conduct within their respective organizations. The purpose of this thesis is to compare the state of ethical conduct within public and private sector organizations in Canada. This is accomplished through a description and analysis of the approaches taken by the public and private sectors as well as the four professions of law, engineering, accountancy and medicine. Ethical conduct within the public sector focuses on the ethical behaviour of public servants rather than elected officials. The underlying intent of this thesis is to discover if contemporary ethical problems are similar in the public and iv private sectors with respect to the four ethical areas of conflict of interest, political activity, problem public comment and confidentiality. The comparative data on both public and private sector ethics are assessed and similarities and differences are identified. One major finding emerges from this study. Codes of ethics in both the public and private sectors are perceived by management to play an important role in the prevention of unethical conduct. A procedure for developing a code of ethics is presented along with recommendations as to the administration of a code of ethics. Finally, recommendations are made as to the role of education in ethics.

Morrey's Farmers and Business Directory, Containing the Following Valuable Information: The Name, with the Post Office Address, Lot and Concession, of each Farmer; also whether a Freeholder or a Tenant (1884/85)

The Union Publishing Co.'s farmers' and business directory for the counties of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland & Wentworth.

Farmers' and Business Directory for the Counties of Haldimand, Halton, Lincoln, Welland (1892/93)

Farmer and business directory for the counties of Haldimand, Halton, Lincoln, Norfolk, and Welland for the year 1892 - 1893.

Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Haldimand, Halton, Lincoln, Welland, and Wentworth (1895) Volume 8

Farmer and business directory for the counties of Haldimand, Halton, Lincoln, Norfolk, and Welland for the year 1895.

Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland, and Wentworth (1902) Volume 12

Farmer and business directory of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland, and Wentworth for the year 1902.

Vernon's Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland and Wentworth for the years (1917/18) 19th Edition

Farmers and business directory for the counties of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland, and Wentworth for the years 1917 - 1918.

Vernon's Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland and Wentworth for the years (1923/24) 20th Edition

Farmers and business directory for the counties of Haldimand, Lincoln, Welland, and Wentworth for the years 1923 - 1924.

The last resort : spa therapy and the docile body in Victorian St. Catharines /

By relying on existing cultural models, the Victorian spa promoted health and wellness. Advertising, together with other forms of promotion, strengthened the legitimacy of its claims to cure a variety of health problems. By the use of some links to science and a mystical folk belief about the efficacy of the local mineral waters, three spas emerged in St.Catharines: the Stephenson House, the WeIland House, and the Springbank. As the twentieth century approached, the spa movement declined and institutionalized medicine struggled to establish a monopoly on health care. This thesis argues that the health spas in St. Catharines occupied that transitional space in nineteenth century medicine between home remedy and hospital. The interplay between scientific discovery and business enterprise produced a climate in which the Victorian health resort flourished. This phenomenon, combined with the various maladies brought on by industrialization, nineteenth-century lifestyle, and the absence of medical options, created a surge in the popularity of health spas and mineral spring therapies. By the tum of the twentieth century, interest in mineral water treatments had declined. The health resorts that had blossomed between 1850 and 1899 began to experience a serious decrease in business. This popular movement became outmoded in the face of emerging medical and scientific knowledge. In St. Catharines, the last resort to remain standing, the WeIland House, finished out the city's spa era as a hospital.