Prevalence of overweight and obesity in children from urban and rural Niagara

Purpose: The influence of environment in the development of overweight and obesity is an ongoing concern. This investigation examined the influence of urbanization on the rates of childhood overweight and obesity. Method: 2167 (1090M, 1077F) grade four children from 75 schools in Ontario's Niagara Region were sampled. A sophisticated algorithm overlaying electoral boundaries, population densities, and the knowledge of community members was used to classify schools into one of three location categories: urban {N= 1588), urban fringe {N= 379), and rural (A^= 234). Each subject was measured for: height, weight, and aerobic performance (Leger). Physical activity was evaluated with the self-report Participation Questionnaire (free-time and organized sport activities), and teacher's evaluations of student activity. Overweight (overweight and obesity combined) was measured both as a continuous (BMI) and categorical variable (BMI category), to evaluate the prevalence by location. A multivariate analysis was used to test for a suppression effect. Results: BMI and BMI category did not differ significantly by location or gender, and no evidence of a gender interaction existed. According to both a linear and logistic regression, physical activity or fitness levels did not suppress the influence of location on BMI and BMI category. Age, gender, free-time activity, organized sports, fitness level, and number of siblings, were all found to significantly influence overweight. Conclusions: It is plausible that the prevalence of overweight does not differ in urban and rural children from the Niagara Region. Further investigation is recommended, examining subjects by individual location of residence, in multiple regions throughout Ontario.

The Canada Southern Railway, extending from Detroit and Toledo to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, forms the quickest and most attractive route between the west and the east.

Includes routes and rates: p.33-64.

Receipt to S. Woodruff from Davidson and Pound

Receipt to S. Woodruff from Davidson and Pound for board for 8 weeks, Jan. 1, 1846.

Receipt to Mr. S. Woodruff from Davidson and Pound for Board

Receipt to Mr. S. Woodruff from Davidson and Pound for board, Sept. 5, 1846.

Receipt to S.D. Woodruff from Gibb and Co.

Receipt to S.D. Woodruff from Gibb and Co. of Montreal, Merchants, Tailors and Gentlemen���s Haberdashers for a cloth sack coat, July 1876.

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from Burton and Bro.

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from Burton and Bro. noting that they will make alterations in the culler���s declaration, Nov. 1, 1877.

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from Burton and Bro.

Letter (1 �� pages) to S.D. Woodruff from Burton and Bro. saying that the best time to see the trees that are suitable for timber is spring. They say that they will send a statement as soon as they receive the specifications, Apr. 2, 1878.

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from Burton and Bro.

Letter to S.D. Woodruff from Burton and Bro. stating that they should be ready to go by May 1st and will make an affidavit of measurement, Apr. 18, 1878.

Receipt (copy) for the amount received from Burton and Bro. for the sum of $944.00 paid in full

Receipt (copy) for the amount received from Burton and Bro. for the sum of $944.00 paid in full for stumpage on berths 192 and 198. It is signed by S.D. Woodruff, May 24, 1878.

Telegram from Montreal and Dominion Telegraph Companies��� Lines to Louis Cabot stating that Mr. Woodruff has arranged to transfer the shares

Telegram from Montreal and Dominion Telegraph Companies��� Lines to Louis Cabot stating that Mr. Woodruff has arranged to transfer the shares, Jan. 18, 1886.

Telegram from Montreal and Dominion Telegraph Companies��� Lines form with a note on it saying ���will wait for receipt���

Telegram from Montreal and Dominion Telegraph Companies��� Lines form with a note on it saying ���will wait for receipt���[ no sender nor receiver listed, most likely Louis Cabot to Samuel D. Woodruff], 1886.

Receipt from Pratt and Co.

Receipt from Pratt and Co. of Buffalo, New York, Wholesale Dealers in Hardware for payment on screws, fasteners, locks, keys and other hardware. This document is stained, July 21, 1876.

Receipt from McIntyre and Son of St. Catharines

Receipt from McIntyre and Son of St. Catharines, Manufacturers and Dealers in Furniture for a newel post, n.d.

Receipt from Pratt and Company for brass rail

Receipt from Pratt and Company for brass rail, Aug. 17, 1876.