7 resultados para Fire severity
em Brock University, Canada
Resumo:
Fire blight is an economically important disease of apples and pears that is caused by the
bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Control of the disease depends on limiting primaly blosson1
infection in the spring, and rapidly removing infected tissue. The possibility of using phages to
control E.amylovora populations has been suggested, but previous studies have. failed to show
high treatment efficacies. This work describes the development of a phage-based biopesticide
that controls E. amylovora populations under field conditions, and significantly reduces the
incidence of fire blight.
This work reports the first use ofPantoea agglomerans, a non-pathogenic relative ofE.
amylovora, as a carrier for E. amylovora.phages. Its role is to support a replicating population of
these phages on blossom surfaces during the period when the flowers are most susceptible to
infection. Seven phages and one carrier isolate were selected for field trials from existing
collections of 56 E. amylovora phages and 249 epiphytic orchard bacteria. Selection of the .
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phages and carrier was based on characteristics relevant to the production and field perfonnance
of a biopesticide: host range, genetic diversity, growth under the conditions of large-scale
production, and the ability to prevent E. amylovora from infecting pear blossoms. In planta
assays showed that both the phages and the carrier make significant contributions to reducirig the
development of fire blight symptoms in pear blossoms.
Field-scale phage production and purification methods were developed based on the
growth characteristics of the phages and bacteria in liquid culture, and on the survival of phages
in various liquid media.
Six of twelve phage-carrier biopesticide treatments caused statistically signiflcant reductions in disease incidence during orchard trials. Multiplex real-time PCR was used to
simultaneously monitor the phage, carrier, and pathogen populations over the course of selected
treatments. In all cases. the observed population dynamics of the biocontrol agents and the
pathogen were consistent with the success or failure of each treatment to control disease
incidence. In treatments exhibiting a significantly reduced incidel1ce of fire blight, the average
blossom population ofE.amylovora had been reduced to pre-experiment epiphytic levels. In
successful treatments the phages grew on the P. agglomerans carrier for 2 to 3 d after treatment
application. The phages then grew preferentially on the pathogen, once it was introduced into this
blossom ecosystem. The efficacy of the successful phage-based treatnlents was statistically
similar to that of streptomycin, which is the most effective bactericide currently available for fire
blight prevention.
The in planta behaviour ofE. amylovora was compared to that ofErwinia pyrifoliae, a
closely related species that causes fire blight-like synlptoms on pears in southeast Asia. Duplex
real-time PCR was used to monitor the population dynamics of both species on single blossonls.
E. amylovora exhibited a greater competitive fitness on Bartlett pear blossoms than E. pyrifoliae.
The genome ofErwinia phage
Resumo:
An advertisement addressed to the "celebration committees" for May 24th and July 1st. William Hand details his services for fireworks and other lighting. Price ranges are included and reviews/comments quoted from several newspapers.
Resumo:
A fire insurance policy in the amount of one thousand dollars through Aetna Insurance Company of Utica, New York. The cost of twenty two dollars and twenty five cents would give them a one year insurance policy from August 1851 through August 1852.
Resumo:
This paper analyzes versions of the salvo model of missile combat where area fire is used by one or both sides in a battle. While these models share some properties with the area fire Lanchester model and the aimed fire salvo model, they also display some interesting differences, especially over the course of several salvos. Whereas the relative size of each force is important with aimed fire, with area fire it is the absolute size that matters. Similarly, while aimed fire exhibits square law behavior, area fire shows approximately linear behavior. When one side uses area and the other uses aimed fire, the model displays a mix of square and linear law behavior.
Resumo:
The Interlake Tissue Mills storage location was at the intersection of Glendale and Merritt Street in Merritton. In the 1850s, the Beaver Cotton Mills (later Merritton Cotton Mills) was built. It was a frame building that burned down in 1881. A sandstone structure replaced the previous building. In 1906, the cotton mill closed and in 1912, the Independent Rubber Company took over the building. The mill was doubled in size. The rubber company remained there for ten years and then the building remained vacant until 1935. Interlake Tissue Mills acquired the building for storage purposes. A fire razed the larger of the plant’s buildings on Memorial Day weekend in 1961. After the fire, Domtar used the smaller building for storage for a short time. This is currently the site of the Keg Restaurant.
Resumo:
Letter to Robert Nelles from the Office of the N.D. Mutual Fire Insurance Company regarding an assessment of 5% on the premium notes of this company. This is signed by Mr. Arnold, secretary of the N.D. Mutual F. Insurance Company, Dec. 15, 1849.
Resumo:
Insurance Policy from the Quebec Fire Assurance Company to Mr. Joseph Power Bradley for his household furniture, linen wearing apparels, glass, earthenware and printed books in a house occupied as a dwelling and belonging to Joseph Legare Junt in the town of Quebec, Oct. 10, 1830