Electrogenic proton/L-glutamate symport in isolated asparagus sprengeri mesophyll cell

Medium' alkaliniiation occurred -lipon the addition of L-Glu to mechanically isolated Asparagus sprenger-i mesophyll cells suspended in 1 mM CaS04. Alkalinization resulted from the coupled entry of H+ and L-Glu anion into the cells. This H+ IL-Glu symport did not stimulate K+ efflux. K+ efflux has been observed during H~ lamino acid symport in other systems. The stimulation of K+ efflux by proton coupled symport is regarded as an indicator of a plasma membrane depolarizing electrogenic symport process. H+ IL-Glu symport in Asparagus sprengerimesophyl1 cells was investigated to determine whether or not the process was electrogenic. The rate of uptake of 0.25 11M 3H-MTPP+ ( Methyltriphenylphosphonium, methyl-3H ) is a probe for monitoring changes in the membrane potential. 3HMTPP+ uptake was reduced by K+ or CCCP, agents known to depolarize the membrane potential. Uptake of 3H-MTPP+ was also inhibited by L-Glu but not by D-Glu. Conversely, 10 mM external MTPP+ inhibited the uptake of 14C-U-LGlu. Simultaneous measurements of the rates of 14C-U-L-Glu uptake and L-Glu dependent H+ influx showed that the molar stoichiometry of H+ IL-Glu symport was 2 to 1. K+ or Na+ stimulated H+ efflux was completely inhibited by DCCD, DES, oligomycin and antimycin reagents which inhibit ATP driven H+ efflux. The H+ efflux \Vas also stimulate.d by the weak acids, butyric acid and acetic acid, which are known fo-aCidify the cytoplasm. This weak acid stimulated H+ efflux was also completely inhibited by oligomycin. It was calculated that net L-Glu dependent H+ influx increased by 100% in the presence of oligomycin and that despite net medium alkalinization H+ IL-Glu symport stimulates ATP dependent H+ efflux. 11 The data presented in this study indicate that H+ IL-Glu symport is electrogenic. The data also show that ATP dependent Ht efflux rather than K+ efflux is the- process compensating for thi~ electrogenic H+ IL-Glu symport.

Proton translocation by cytochrome c oxidase reconstituted into proteoliposomes

Cytochrome c oxidase .inserted into proteoliposomes translocates protons with a stoichiometry of approx-, imately 0.4-0.6 H+/e- in the presence of valinomycin plus pottasium. The existance .ofsuchproton translocation is .supportedby experiments with lauryl maltoside which abolished the pulses but~~d not inhibit cyt. c binding .or oxidase turnover. Pulses with K3FeCN6 did not induce acidification further supporting vectorial proton transport by cyt ..aa3 . Upon lowering the ionic strength and pulsing with ferrocytochrome c, H+/eratios increased. This increase is attributed to scaler proton release consequent upon cyt.c-phospholipid binding. Oxygen pulses at low ionic strength however did not exhibit this large scaler increase in H+/e- ratios.A-small increase was observed upon .02 pul'sing at·low ionic strengt.h. This increase was KeN and, ,pcep sensitive and thus possibly due to a redox linked scaler deprotonation. Increases in the H+/e- ratio also occurred ifp~lses ,were performed in the presence of nonactin rather.than valinomycin. The fluorescent pH indicator pyranine was internally trapped inaa3 conta~ning "proteoliposomes. Internal alkalinization, as mon,itored by pyranine fluorescence leads to a of approx.imately 0.35 units, which is proportional to electron flux. This internal alkalinization was also DCCD sensitive, being inhibited by approximately 50%. This 50% inhibition of internal alkalinization supports the existance of vectorial proton transport.

Comparative study of bovine heart and bacillus subtilis cytochrome c oxidase vesicles and the influence of bulk pH on cytochrome c oxidase components

Studies on the steady state behavior of soluble cytochrome c oxidase are extensive. These studies have examined the influence of ionic strength and pH and may provide answers to questions such as the link between proton translocation and charge separation. The present study examined the influence of external bulk pH on ApH formation, biphasic kinetics, and steady state reduction of cytochromes c and a of cytochrome c oxidase in proteoliposomes. Bulk pH has an appreciable effect on ApH formation and steady state reduction levels of cytochromes c and 8. Bulk pH affected total Vmax and Km at the low affinity binding site of cytochrome c. This study also examined the influence of bovine serum albumin and free fatty acids on proton pumping activity in bovine heart proteoliposomes. Proton pumping activity decreased after treatment with BSA, and was subsequently reinstated after further treatment with FFA. Much study in the superfamily of haem/copper oxidases has recently been devoted to the bacterial oxidases. The present study has examined some protein composition characteristics and bioenergetic features of Bacillus subtilis cytochrome caa3 oxidase. Results provide evidence for the structural composition of the enzyme in relation to the covalently bound cytochrome c to the oxidas~. Bioenergetically, caa3 COV showed appreciable proton pumping activity. Steady state analysis of the caa3 COV showed significantly different cytochrome c and a reduction characteristics compared to the bovine enzyme.

Reactions of polyhalogenated aromatic compounds and related ethers with metal/ammonia solutions

This work contains the results of a series of reduction studies on polyhalogenated aromatic compounds and related ethers using alkali metals in liquid ammonia. In general, polychlorobenzenes were reduced to t he parent aromatic hydrocarbon or to 1 ,4-cyc1ohexadiene, and dipheny1ethers were cleaved to the aroma tic hydrocarbon and a phenol. Chlorinated dipheny1ethers were r eductive1y dechlorinated in the process. For example, 4-chlorodipheny1- ether gave benzene and phenol. Pentach1orobenzene and certain tetrachlorobenzenes disproportionated to a fair degree during the reduction process if no added proton source was present. The disproportionation was attributed to a build-up of amide ion. Addition of ethanol completely suppressed the formation of any disproportionation products. In the reductions of certain dipheny1ethers , the reduction of one or both of the dipheny1ether rings occurred, along with the normal cleavage. This was more prevalent when lithium was the metal used . As a Sidelight, certain chloropheno1s were readily dechlorinated. In light of these results, the reductive detoxification of the chlorinated dibenzo-1,4-dioxins seems possible with alkali metals in l iquid ammonia.

Synthesis and properties of some 4H-1, 3, 4 benzothiadiazines /|nby Darko J. Vukov. -- 260 St. Catharines, Ont. : [s. n.],

The work herein has been divided into five sections. In the first section, a new method of converting N-aroyl- hydrazines to hydrazidic halides is described. The second section deals with the products of reaction of hydrazidic halides with thioacetate ion in acetonitrile at room temperature. A number of new acetylthiohydrazides has been isolated together with corresponding hyclrazidic sulphides. Examination of x-ray data for bis-[~ -(2,6- dibromophenylhydrazono) - benZYl] sulphide revealpd the symmetrical structure as the most probable. In the third section, which consists of the three subsections, the synthesis of the 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazine ring system has been extended to 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazines with substituents in the 5 and 6-positions. Extension of synthesis also involves 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazines with mora than one substituent. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 5 and 6 substituted 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazines have been ,. recorded. The section ends with a discussion of the mass spectra of some 4H-l.3,4 benzothiadiazines. In the fourth section, which is divided into two sub- -sections, preparation of 7-nitro substituted 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazine from N-thiobenzoyl hydrazine and2,4-dinitro -fluorobenzene is found to be satisfactory. Thiohydrazides react with acetic anhydride, in some cases, to give products identical with acetylthiohydrazides obtained from the hydrazidic halides with thioacetate ion at room temperature. In most of the cases thiohydrazides are found to give anomalous products on reaction with acetic anhydride and mechanisms for their formation are discussed. In the fifth section, which forms three subsections, the 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazine ring system with a halogen substituent in the 7-position undergoes electrophilic attack preferentially in 5-posi tion. \fuen the 5-posi tion is occupied by a halogen atom, electrophilic substitution occurs at the 7-position of 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazine ring system. Substitution at the 4-nitrogen atom in 4H w l,3,4 benzo- -thiadiazine is extremely slow, probably due to delocalisa- -tion of the nitrogen lone pair in the system. Oxidation of 4H-l,3,4 benzothiadiazines occurs at the sulphur atom under relatively mild conditions. t The Appendix deals with the reaction of N-benzoyl-N - -(2,5-dibromophenyl)hydrazine with p-nitrothiophenol~ The proposed p-nitrothiophenoxy - intermediate may undergo benzothiadiazine formation in a proton exchange system.

The crystal and molecular structure of bis (pyridoxamine) copper (II) dinitrate monohydrate

The crystal structure of Cu(PM)2(N03hoH20 (where PM is pyridoxamine, CSHI2N202) has been determined from three dimensional x-ray diffraction data. The crystals are triclinic, space group pI, a = 14.248 (2), b = 8.568 (1), c = 9.319 (1) 1, a = 94.08 (1), e = 89.73 (1), y~~ 99.18 (1)°, z = 2, jl(MoK) = 10.90 em-I, Po = 1.61 g/cm3 and Pc = 1.61 g/em3• The structure a was solved by Patterson techniques from data collected on a Picker 4-circle diffractometer to 26max = 45°. All atoms, including hydrogens, have been located. Anisotropic thermal parameters have been refined for all nonhydrogen atoms. For the 2390 independent reflections with F ? 3cr(F) , R = 0.0408. The results presented here provide the first detailed structural information of a metal complex with PM itself. The copper atoms are located on centres of symmetry and each is chela ted by two PM zwitterions through the amino groups and phenolate oxygen atoms. The zwitterionic form found in this structure involves the loss of a proton from the phenolate group and protonation of the pyridine ring nitrogen atoms. The two independent Cu(PM)2 moieties are symmetrically bridged by a single oxygen atom from one of the nitrate groups. The second nitrate group is not coordinated to the copper atoms but is central to an extensive hydrogen bonding network involving the water molecule and uncoordinated functional groups of PM.

Biotransformation of aromatic hydrocarbons and organic sulphides by fungi

Toluene is converted to benzyl alcohol by the fungi Mortierella isabellina and Helminthosporium species; in the latter case, the product is further metabolized. Toluene-a -d 1 , toluene-a,a-d2, and toluene-a,a,a-d 3 have been used with Mortierellaisabellina in a series of experiments to determine both primary and secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects for the enzymic benzylic hydroxylation reaction. The values obtained, intermolecular primary kH/kD = intramolecular p rim a r y kH r kD = 1. 0 2 + O. 0 5, and sec 0 n dar y k H I kD = 1. 37 .:!. 0.05, suggest a mechanism for the reaction involving benzylic proton removal from a radical intermediate in a non-symmetrical transition state. 2H NMR (30.7 MHz) studies using ethylbenzene-l,1-d 2 , 3 -fluoroethylbenzene-l,1-d 2 , 4 -fluoroethylbenzene-l,1-d 2 , and toluene-dB as substrates with Mortierella isabellina suggest, based on the observable differences in rates of conversion between the substrates, that the hydroxylation of hydrocarbons at the benzylic position proceeds via a one electron abstraction from the aromatic ring, giving a radical cation. A series of 1,3-oxathiolanes (eight) were incubated with Mortierella isabellina , Helminthosporium , Rhizopus arrhizus , and Aspergillus niger . Sulphoxides were obtained from Mortierella isabellina and Rhizopus arrhizus using the substrates 2-phenyl-, 2-methyl-2-phenyl-, and 2-phenyl-2-tert. butyl-l,3-oxathiolane. The relative stereochemistry of 2-methyl-2-phenyl-l,3-oxathiolan-l-oxide was assigned based on lH decoupling, n.O.e, 1 and H NMR experiments. The lH NMR (200 MHz) of the methylene protons of 2-methyl-2-phenyl-l,3-oxathiolan-l-oxide was used as a diagnostic standard in assigning the relative stereochemistry of 2-phenyl-l,3-oxathiolan-l-oxide and 2-phenyl-2-tert. butyl-l,3-oxathiolan-l-oxide. The sulphoxides obtained were consistent with an oxidation occurring from the opposite side of the molecule to the phenyl substituent.

Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of boron trihalide complexes of 1,1-BIS (dimethylamino) ethylene and related bases

Boron tribalide complexes of 1,1-bis(dimethylamino)ethylene (DME) , t etramethylurea (TMU), tetramethylguanidine (TMG) , and pentamethylguanidine (PMG) and also mixed boron t r ihalide adducts of DME have been investigated by 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy. Both nitrogen and the C-Q-H carbon of DME are possible donor a toms to boron trihal ides but complexation has been found to occur only at carbon of DME. The initial adduct acts as a Bronsted acid and gives up a proton to free DME in solut ion. A side reaction in the DME-BF, system gives rise to trace amounts of a complex aSSigned as (DME)2BF2+. (DME)2BF2+ is produced in much larger quantities in t he DME-BF3-BC13 and DME-BF,-BBr, systems by reaction of free DME with DME:BF2X (X = Cl, Br). Restricted r otation about the C-N bonds of TMUlBC13 and n1U:BBr3 has been observed at low temperatures. This complements previous work in this system and confirms oxygen donation of TMU to boron trihalides . Restricted rotation at low temperatures also has been observed in DMEboron trihalide systems

The mechanism of formation of the mixed boron trihalide adducts of trimenthylamine

Boron trihalide and mixed boron trihalide adducts of trimethylamine have been prepared, and characterized by proton and fluorine N.M.R. spectroscopy. The acceptor power of the boron trihalides was seen to increase in the order BF3 < BC13 < BBr3 < BI3, corroborating previous evidence. The mixed boron trihalides had intermediate Lewis acidities. Solution reactions between adducts and free boron trihalides rapidly led to the formation of mixed adducts when the free boron trihalide is a stronger Lewis acid than that in the adduct. A slower reaction is observed when the free BX3 is a weaker Lewis aoid than that complexed. The mechanism of halogen exchange leading to the mixed (CH3)3NBX3 adducts was investigated. 10B labelling experiments precluded B-N bond rupture as a possible mechanism in solution; results are discussed in terms of halogen-bridged intermediates. Pre-ionization may be important for some systems. At higher temperatures, during gas phase reactions,B-N coordinate bond rupture may be the initial step of reaction. Two mixed adduots, namely (CH3)3NBClBr2 and (CH3)3NBHOIBr were prepared and characterized by Mass Spectrometry

The role of Stl1p in glycerol accumulation in osmotically stressed icewine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae K1 V1116

The high sugar concentration in Icewine juice exerts hyperosmotic stress in the wine yeast causing water loss and cell shrinkage. To counteract the dehydration, yeast synthesize and accumulate glycerol as an internal osmolyte. In a laboratory strain of S. cerevisiae, STLl encodes for Stllp, an H+ /glycerol symporter that is glucose inactivated, but induced upon hyperosmotic stress. STLl, was found to be a highly upregulated gene in Icewine fermenting cells and its expression was 25-fold greater than in yeast cells fermenting diluted Icewine juice, making it one of the most differentially expressed genes between the two fermentation conditions. In addition, Icewine fermenting cells showed a two-fold higher glycerol production in the wine compared to yeast fermenting diluted Icewine juice. We proposed that Stllp is (1) active during Icewine fermentation and is not glucose inactivated and (2) its activity contributes to the limited cell growth observed during Icewine fermentation as a result of the dissipation of the plasma membrane proton gradient. To measure the contribution ofStl1p in active glycerol transport (energy dependent) during Icewine fermentation, we first developed an Stllp-dependent (14C]glycerol uptake assay using a laboratory strain of S. cerevisiae (BY 4742 and LiSTLl) that was dependent on the plasma membrane proton gradient and therefore energy-dependent. Wine yeast K1-Vll16 was also shown to have this energy dependent glycerol uptake induced under salt stress. The expression of STLl and Stllp activity were compared between yeast cells harvested from Icewine and diluted Icewine fermentations. Northern blot analysis revealed that STLl was expressed in cells fermenting Icewine juice but not expressed under the diluted juice conditions. Glycerol uptake by cells fermenting Icewine juice was not significantly different than cells fermenting diluted Icewine juice on day 4 and day 7 of Vidal and Riesling fermentations respectively, despite encountering greater hyperosmotic stress. Furthermore, energy- dependent glycerol uptake was not detected under either fermentation conditions. Because our findings show that active glycerol uptake was not detected in yeast cells harvested from Icewine fermentation, it is likely that Stllp was glucose inactivated despite the hyperosmotic stress induced by the Icewine juice and therefore did not play a role in active glycerol uptake during Icewine fermentation.