Atlas de toutes les parties connues du globe terrestre : dressé pour l'Histoire philosophique et politique des établissemens et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes (1780)

Atlas to: Histoire philosophique et politique des établissemens et du commerce des Européens dans les deux Indes / Guillaume Thomas Raynal. - Genêve : J.-L. Pellet, 1780 Author statement on maps: Par M. Bonne, ingénieur-hydrographe de la Marine Maps numbered: 1-17, 17 bis-49. [23] leaves of tables at end are lacking in Special Collections' copy

The effect of different phases of synchrony on the synchrony effect

Synchronization of behaviour between individuals has been found to result in a variety of prosocial outcomes. The role of endorphins in vigorous synchronous activities (Cohen, Ejsmond-Frey, Knight, & Dunbar, 2010) may underlie these effects as endorphins have been implicated in social bonding (Dunbar & Shultz, 2010). Although research on synchronous behaviour has noted that there are two dominant phases of synchrony: in-phase and anti-phase (Marsh, Richardson, Baron, & Schmidt, 2006), research on the effect of synchrony on endorphins has only incorporated in-phase synchrony. The current study examined whether both phases of synchrony would generate the synchrony effect. Twenty-two participants rowed under three counterbalanced conditions - alone, in-phase synchrony and anti-phase synchrony. Endorphin release, as measured via pain threshold, was assessed before and after each session. Change in pain threshold during the in-phase synchrony session was significantly higher than either of the other two conditions. These results suggest that the synchrony effect may be specific to just in-phase synchrony, and that social presence is not a viable explanation for the effect of synchrony on pain threshold