1526 BH17 NP 2014

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Rotation structures and comet structures are commonly seen throughout this sample. Lineations are also common. Minor amounts of grain stacking can also be seen. Some grains appear to be fractured and/or weathered.

1542 BH17 NP 2014

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to large. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations and rotation structures are scattered throughout the entire sample. Comet structures are also present. Minor amounts of grain stacking can also be seen.

Pollen and grain size records in abyssal sediments of the northwest Pacific Ocean as proxies of Plio-Pleistocene climate change /

A distinctive period of global change occurred during the PUocene between the warm Miocene and subsequent Quaternary cooling. Samples from Ocean Drilling Project Site 11 79 (-5586 mbsl, 41°4'N, 159°57'E), Site 881 (-5765 mbsl, 47°6.133'N, 161°29.490'E) and Site 882 (-3255 mbsl, 50°22'N, 167°36'E) were studied to determine the magnitude and composition ofterrigenous flux to the western mid-latitude North Pacific and its relation to climate change in East Asia since the mid-Pliocene. Dust-sized particles (including pollen), sourced from the arid regions and loess plateaus in East Asia are entrained by prevailing westerly winds and transported to the midlatitude northwest North Pacific Ocean. This is recorded by peaks in the total concentration of pollen and spores, as well as the mean grain size of allochthonous and autochthonous silicate material in abyssal marine sediments. Aridification of the Asian interior due to the phased uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau created the modem East Asian Monsoon system dominated by a strengthening of the winter monsoon. The winter monsoon is further enhanced during glacials due to the expansion of desert and steppe environments at the expense ofwoodlands and forests recorded by the composition of palynological assemblages. The late Pliocene-Pleistocene glacials at ODP Sites 1 179, 881, and 882 are characterized by increases in grain size, magnetic susceptibility, pollen and spore concentrations around 3.5-3.3, 2.6-2.4, 1.7-1.6, and 0.9-0.7 Ma (ages based on magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic datums). The peaks during these times are relatively rich in pollen taxa derived primarily from steppe and boreal vegetation zones, recording cool, dry climates. The overall size increase of sediment and abundance of terrestrial palynomorphs record enhanced wind strength. The increase in magnitude of pollen and spore concentrations as well as grain size record global cooling and Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The peaks in grain size as well as pollen and spore abundance in marine sediments correlate with the mean grain size of loess in East Asia, consistent with the deflation of unarmoured surfaces during glacials. The transport of limiting nutrients to marine environments enhanced sea surface productivity and increased the rate of sediment accumulation.

HG 359.55-359.70

Dark brown sediment with mainly small clasts. The clasts range from sub-angular to sub-rounded. Lineations are abundant throughout the sample. Comet structures are also present throughout the sample. Minor amounts of grain crushing and stacking can also be seen.

HG 401.70-401.80

Light brown sediment with mainly small clasts. The clasts are sub-rounded in shape. Lineations are abundant. Grain crushing and stacking are also present.

HG 404.20-404.30

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. The clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations are abundant in this sample. Faint water escape structures can also be seen as well as grain crushing/stacking.

HG 442.70-442.80

Brown and coarse grained sample with grains ranging from small to large in size. The clast shape ranges from sub-angular to sub-rounded. Lineations are abundant throughout the sample. Minor amounts of grain crushing/stacking can also be seen. A few rotation structures are also present throughout the sample.

HG 450.65-450.75

Mainly a coarse brown sediment with a few patches of a finer grained domain. The clasts range from small to large in size and angular to sub-rounded in clast shape. The coarser domain mainly contains grain crushing and stacking, with some rotation structures. The finer domain mainly contains lineations.

HG 35.0-35.10

Brown sediment with clasts that range from small to medium in size. The grain shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations and rotation structures were the most common throughout the sample. Grain crushing/stacking and a few comet structures were also present. Clay material was also dispersed throughout the sample.

HG 69.45-69.65

Dark brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. The clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations are abundant throughout the sample. Comet structures and grain crushing/stacking are also present in minor amounts.

HG 75.45-75.60

Dark brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. The clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations are commonly seen throughout the sample. Grain crushing/stacking can also be seen along with varying amounts of rotation structures and comet structures.

HG 177.35-177.45

Dark brown sediment with organic matter. There are two main domains; a coarse grained domain, and a finer grained domain. The coarse grained domain contains grains ranging from small to medium in size, and angular to sub-rounded in shape. In the coarse grained domain, grain crushing/stacking is common, with a few lineations and rotation structures. In the finer grained domain, grains are small and range from sub-angular to sub-rounded in shape. Lineations are abundant in this domain.

PBURWELL #5-87

Brown sample with two domains. One domain contains many small grains that are clustered together. The other domain is a darker brown and contains clasts that are well dispersed. The clasts range from small to large, and are angular to sub-rounded in shape. Lineations are commonly seen throughout both domains. A few rotation structures can also be seen in the well dispersed domain. Some grain crushing/ stacking can also be seen throughout the sample.

WTS-4-AM

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations and comet structures are abundant in this sample. Grain crushing, and stacking are also present. Minor amounts of rotation structures can also be seen.

WTS-5-KO

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations are the most common micro-structure in this sample. Grain crushing/stacking can also be observed in multiple areas of the sample. There are also a few darker organic rich areas present. Comet structures are present in minor amounts.