Examining Bullying Intervention Motivations Through a Cost/Benefit Analysis

The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of the bystander in bullying situations. A cost/benefit model was explored in researching factors adolescents consider in deciding whether to intervene when witnessing bullying. Adolescents in the present study (N = 101 (50.5% female), between the ages of 12 to 18, M = 15.37 years; SD = 1.71 years) completed self-report questionnaires, and also responded to bullying scenarios, stating how the bystander would react, while explaining potential personal costs and benefits. Adolescents were able to articulate various personal costs and benefits when making the decision to intervene. Conclusions of the present study include: 1) the evolutionary approach is quite informative in illuminating the decision process of the bystander, 2) adolescents’ beliefs about bullying and the role of bystanders are different from their teachers’, and 3) the rather explicit cost/benefit model could be used to develop more targeted anti-bullying programs.

Returns (copy) showing the quantities of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the year 1859-1861 and the amount of tolls collected thereon for each year

Returns (copy) showing the quantities of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the year 1859-1861 and the amount of tolls collected thereon for each year. The title on this document is General Return 1859, but this has been crossed out in pencil within the document and the years have been changed (Port Robinson), 1859-1861.

General return showing the quantity of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the year ending the 31st of December 1861

General return showing the quantity of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the year ending the 31st of December 1861 (office at Port Maitland) (2 pages), 1861.

General return (copy) showing the quantity of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the year ending the 31st of December 1861

General return (copy) showing the quantity of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the year ending the 31st of December 1861 and the amount of tolls collected thereon (office at Port Robinson), 1861.

Office at Port Dalhousie statement of trade upwards on the Welland Canal during the years, 1857-1861

Office at Port Dalhousie statement of trade upwards on the Welland Canal during the years (10 pages of hand drawn charts), 1857-1861.

Comparative statement of different classes of trade passing downward through the Welland Canal at Port Colborne during the years 1857-1861

Comparative statement of different classes of trade passing downward through the Welland Canal at Port Colborne during the years 1857-1861 (1 page, hand drawn chart), Jan.25, 1862.

Statement of vessels and merchandise passed downward through the Welland Canal at Port Colborne during the year 1861

Statement of vessels and merchandise passed downward through the Welland Canal at Port Colborne during the year 1861 showing nationalities of ports of clearance and discharge. This is torn in a number of places and stained. This does not affect the text, Jan. 30, 1862.

Statement showing the totals of the quantity of each class of articles transported on the Welland Canal during the years ending on the 31st of December 1857-1861

Statement showing the totals of the quantity of each class of articles transported on the Welland Canal during the years ending on the 31st of December 1857-1861 and the amount of tolls collected thereon 2 ½ page, hand drawn chart), Dec. 31, 1861.

Statement of the quantity of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the years 1857- 1861 from the Welland Canal Office, Dunnville

Statement of the quantity of each article transported on the Welland Canal during the years 1857- 1861 from the Welland Canal Office, Dunnville. [This is a package containing charts and sections of charts – in total, 26 pieces of hand drawn charts wrapped in a piece of paper], 1862.