MF-2

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to large. The clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. The clasts are generally well dispersed but edge-to-edge grain crushing is present. A few lineations and faint rotation structures can also be seen.

NBC-1

Dark brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to large. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Grain crushing is abundant throughout this sample. A few lineations can also be seen.

RRC-1

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to large in size. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations and rotation structures can be commonly seen throughout the sample. Minor amounts of comet structures, grain crushing and grain stacking can also be seen.

WR-1

Dark brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to large. The sample is mostly made up of large clasts. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-angular. Necking structures are common throughout this sample and can mainly be seen between larger aggregates. Edge-to-edge grain crushing, crushed grains, and some lineations can also be seen.

WRC-1

Light brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to large in size. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Grain crushing is present in this sample, along with grain stacking. Minor amounts of lineations, and faint rotation structures can also be seen.

1493 BH17 NP 2014

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to large. Clast shape ranges from angular to rounded. Lineations and comet structures are abundant throughout this sample. It also contains rotation structures and minor amounts of grain crushing.

1539 BH17 NP 2014

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to large. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Lineations are common throughout the sample. This sample also contains a clay domain, that appears very fine grained. Edge-to-edge grain crushing, comet structures, and rotation structures are also present.

1544 BH17 NP 2014

Brown sediment with inclusions of a clay rich domain. Clasts range from small to medium in size and angular to sub-rounded in shape. Lineations can be commonly seen throughout the sample, along with water escape structures in the clay rich domain. Rotation structures, comet structures, and grain crushing are also present.

Pollen and grain size records in abyssal sediments of the northwest Pacific Ocean as proxies of Plio-Pleistocene climate change /

A distinctive period of global change occurred during the PUocene between the warm Miocene and subsequent Quaternary cooling. Samples from Ocean Drilling Project Site 11 79 (-5586 mbsl, 41°4'N, 159°57'E), Site 881 (-5765 mbsl, 47°6.133'N, 161°29.490'E) and Site 882 (-3255 mbsl, 50°22'N, 167°36'E) were studied to determine the magnitude and composition ofterrigenous flux to the western mid-latitude North Pacific and its relation to climate change in East Asia since the mid-Pliocene. Dust-sized particles (including pollen), sourced from the arid regions and loess plateaus in East Asia are entrained by prevailing westerly winds and transported to the midlatitude northwest North Pacific Ocean. This is recorded by peaks in the total concentration of pollen and spores, as well as the mean grain size of allochthonous and autochthonous silicate material in abyssal marine sediments. Aridification of the Asian interior due to the phased uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau created the modem East Asian Monsoon system dominated by a strengthening of the winter monsoon. The winter monsoon is further enhanced during glacials due to the expansion of desert and steppe environments at the expense ofwoodlands and forests recorded by the composition of palynological assemblages. The late Pliocene-Pleistocene glacials at ODP Sites 1 179, 881, and 882 are characterized by increases in grain size, magnetic susceptibility, pollen and spore concentrations around 3.5-3.3, 2.6-2.4, 1.7-1.6, and 0.9-0.7 Ma (ages based on magnetostratigraphic and biostratigraphic datums). The peaks during these times are relatively rich in pollen taxa derived primarily from steppe and boreal vegetation zones, recording cool, dry climates. The overall size increase of sediment and abundance of terrestrial palynomorphs record enhanced wind strength. The increase in magnitude of pollen and spore concentrations as well as grain size record global cooling and Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The peaks in grain size as well as pollen and spore abundance in marine sediments correlate with the mean grain size of loess in East Asia, consistent with the deflation of unarmoured surfaces during glacials. The transport of limiting nutrients to marine environments enhanced sea surface productivity and increased the rate of sediment accumulation.

HG 244.40-244.50-A Thin Section

Dark brown sediment with sub-angular to sub-rounded clasts. Rotation structures and lineations are common. Clasts ranging from small to large in size. Many large grains are fractured. Minor amounts of grain stacking and crushing can be seen. A few clay and organic rich domains can be seen.

HG 268.15-268.30 Thin Section

Coarse grained sample, with small clasts. Clasts range from sub-angular to sub-rounded in shape. Lineations are abundant throughout the sample. Grain stacking and crushing can also be seen in minor amounts.

HG 299.65-299.80 Thin Section

Brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. They are sub-angular to sub-rounded in shape. Lineations are abundant throughout the sample. Minor grain stacking and crushing can also be seen.

293.9-294.0 DE # 7

Brown sediment with well dispersed clasts. Clasts range from small to medium in size and angular to sub-rounded in shape. Some appear to have been weathered. Water escape structures can be seen, mainly in finer, clay rich sediment. Lineations can also be seen throughout the sample. Minor grain stacking and crushing are also present.

HG 87.30-87.35

Dark brown sediment with clasts ranging from small to medium in size. Clast shape ranges from angular to sub-rounded. Rotation structures and lineations are common throughout the sample. Comet structures and grain stacking/crushing can also be seen in minor amounts.

KRM 14067-2

Browns sediment with clasts ranging from sub-angular to sub-rounded in shape. The clast size ranges from small to large. Rotation structures and necking structures are commonly seen in this sample. Grain stacking/crushing along with lineations can also be seen throughout the image.