Projecto Educativo como Instrumento de Gestão Participativa das Escolas Básicas: As bases para a sua construção

As escolas são organismos vivos que precisam acompanhar a dinâmica do desenvolvimento social, bem como encontrar respostas para os vários problemas que a sociedade enfrenta, Isso passa, imperativamente, por uma maior autonomia da escola, com uma gestão escolar aberta e democrática, onde as acções educativas são traduzidas em melhoria da qualidade do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. É com este propósito que se propõem um design de intervenção a favor da Escola Básica Lucília Freitas, intitulado “O Projecto Educativo como Instrumento de Gestão Participativa das Escolas Básicas: subsídios para a sua construção”, onde se apresenta o justificativo e o respectivo enquadramento teórica com as orientações metodológicas para a sua construção, evidenciando os passos e os possíveis instrumentos para sua materialização (plano anual de actividades, projecto curricular de escola e de turma e o regulamento interno). Estes, sendo os instrumentos que suportam o projecto educativo, aparecem desenvolvidos ao longo deste trabalho, de modo a serem entendidos como um todo. Durante a implementação do projecto os formandos simularão a elaboração de planos e projectos, com vista à sua elaboração, futura. O projecto educativo, como instrumento de gestão participativa, é algo novo no contexto caboverdiano. Este conceito tem sido utilizado para designar todos os projectos de âmbito pedagógico. Perante esta nova concepção do PE, emerge a necessidade de adoptar os diversos intervenientes do processo educativo e, em especial, aos docentes, de conhecimentos básicos para a sua elaboração e concretização. A sua elaboração exige que as escolas conheçam os meandros da sua elaboração, as vantagens da sua aplicação e sobretudo que estejam sensibilizados e motivados. A Lei diz que as escolas Secundárias devem elaborar os seus Projectos Educativos, contudo, não se constitui uma prática. A formação dos professores e dirigentes será, certamente, um impulso para a dinamização de Projectos Educativo de Escola.

Molecular epidemiology and evolution of HIV-1 in Portugal and portuguese speaking african countries

The aims of this thesis were to better characterize HIV-1 diversity in Portugal, Angola, Mozambique and Cape Verde and to investigate the origin and epidemiological history of HIV-1 in these countries. The impact of these issues in diagnosis, disease progression and susceptibility to ARV therapy was also investigated. Finally, the nature, dynamics and prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) was determined in untreated HIV-1 infected patients. In Angola, practically all HIV-1 genetic forms were found, including almost all subtypes, untypable (U) strains, CRFs and URFs. Recombinants (first and second generation) were present in 47.1% of the patients. HIV/AIDS epidemic in Angola probably started in 1961, the major cause being the independence war, subsequently spreading to Portugal. In Maputo, 81% of the patients were infected with subtype C viruses. Subtype G, U and recombinants such as CRF37_cpx, were also present. The results suggest that HIV-1 epidemic in Mozambique is evolving rapidly in genetic complexity. In Cape Verde, where HIV-1 and HIV-2 co-circulate, subtype G is the prevailed subtype. Subtypes B, C, F1, U, CRF02_AG and other recombinant strains were also found. HIV-2 isolates belonged to group A, some being closely related to the original ROD isolate. In all three countries numerous new polymorphisms were identified in the RT and PR of HIV-1 viruses. Mutations conferring resistance to the NRTIs or NNRTIs were found in isolates from 2 (2%) patients from Angola, 4 (6%) from Mozambique and 3 (12%) from Cape Verde. None of the isolates containing TDR mutations would be fully sensitive to the standard first-line therapeutic regimens used in these countries. Close surveillance in treated and untreated populations will be crucial to prevent further transmission of drug resistant strains and maximize the efficacy of ARV therapy. In Portugal, investigation of a seronegative case infection with rapid progression to AIDS and death revealed that the patient was infected with a CRF14_BG-like R5-tropic strain selectively transmitted by his seropositive sexual partner. The results suggest a massive infection with a highly aggressive CRF14_BG like strain and/or the presence of an unidentified immunological problem that prevented the formation of HIV-1-specific antibodies. Near full-length genomic sequences obtained from three unrelated patients enabled the first molecular and phylogenomic characterization of CRF14_BG from Portugal; all sequences were strongly related with CRF14_BG Spanish isolates. The mean date of origin of CRF14_BG was estimated to be 1992. We propose that CRF14_BG emerged in Portugal in the early 1990s, spread to Spain in late 1990s as a consequence of IDUs migration and then to the rest of Europe. Most CRF14_BG strains were predicted to use CXCR4 and were associated with rapid CD4 depletion and disease progression. Finally, we provide evidence suggesting that the X4 tropism of CRF14_BG may have resulted from convergent evolution of the V3 loop possibly driven by an effective escape from neutralizing antibody response.