STRATEGIES TO SURPASS THE VULNERABILITY OF THE SMALL ISLAND STATES WITH FEW RESOURCES: THE CASE OF CAPE VERDE

The problem of small Island Developing States (SIDS) is quite recent, end of the 80s and 90s, still looking for a theoretical consolidation. SIDS, as small states in development, formed by one or several islands geographically dispersed, present reduced population, market, territory, natural resources, including drinkable water, and, in great number of the cases, low level of economic activity, factors that together, hinder the gathering of scale economies. To these diseconomies they come to join the more elevated costs in transports and communications which, allies to lower productivities, to a smaller quality and diversification of its productions, which difficult its integration in the world economy. In some SIDS these factors are not dissociating of the few investments in infrastructures, in the formation of human resources and in productive investments, just as it happens in most of the developing countries. In ecological terms, many of them with shortage of natural resources, but integrating important ecosystems in national and world terms, but with great fragility relatively to the pollution action, of excessive fishing, of uncontrolled development of tourism, factors that, conjugated and associated to the stove effect, condition the climate and the slope of the medium level of the sea water and therefore could put in cause the own survival of some of them. The drive to the awareness of the international community towards its problems summed up with the accomplishment by the United Nations in the Barbados’s Conference, 1994 where the right to the development was emphasized, through the going up the appropriate strategies and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of the SIDS. The orientation of the regional and international cooperation in that sense, sharing technology (namely clean technology and control and administration environmental technology), information and creation of capacity-building, supplying means, including financial resources, creating non discriminatory and just trade rules, it would drive to the establishment of a world system economically more equal, in which the production, the consumption, the pollution levels, the demographic politics were guided towards the sustainability. It constituted an important step for the recognition for the international community on the specificities of those states and it allowed the definition of a group of norms and politics to implement at the national, regional and international level and it was important that they continued in the sense of the sustainable development. But this Conference had in its origin previous summits: the Summit of Rio de Janeiro about Environment and Development, accomplished in 1992, which left an important document - the Agenda 21, in the Conference of Stockholm at 1972 and even in the Conference of Ramsar, 1971 about “Wetlands.” CENTRO DE ESTUDOS AFRICANOS Occasional Papers © CEA - Centro de Estudos Africanos 4 Later, the Valletta Declaration, Malta, 1998, the Forum of Small States, 2002, get the international community's attention for the problems of SIDS again, in the sense that they act to increase its resilience. If the definition of “vulnerability” was the inability of the countries to resist economical, ecological and socially to the external shocks and “resilience” as the potential for them to absorb and minimize the impact of those shocks, presenting a structure that allows them to be little affected by them, a part of the available studies, dated of the 90s, indicate that the SIDS are more vulnerable than the other developing countries. The vulnerability of SIDS results from the fact the they present an assemblage of characteristics that turns them less capable of resisting or they advance strategies that allow a larger resilience to the external shocks, either anthropogenic (economical, financial, environmental) or even natural, connected with the vicissitudes of the nature. If these vulnerability factors were grouped with the expansion of the economic capitalist system at world level, the economic and financial globalisation, the incessant search of growing profits on the part of the multinational enterprises, the technological accelerated evolution drives to a situation of disfavour of the more poor. The creation of the resilience to the external shocks, to the process of globalisation, demands from SIDS and of many other developing countries the endogen definition of strategies and solid but flexible programs of integrated development. These must be assumed by the instituted power, but also by the other stakeholders, including companies and organizations of the civil society and for the population in general. But that demands strong investment in the formation of human resources, in infrastructures, in investigation centres; it demands the creation capacity not only to produce, but also to produce differently and do international marketing. It demands institutional capacity. Cape Verde is on its way to this stage.

Major: Electronics and Communication Engineering

Today, information technology is strategically important to the goals and aspirations of the business enterprises, government and high-level education institutions – university. Universities are facing new challenges with the emerging global economy characterized by the importance of providing faster communication services and improving the productivity and effectiveness of individuals. New challenges such as provides an information network that supports the demands and diversification of university issues. A new network architecture, which is a set of design principles for build a network, is one of the pillar bases. It is the cornerstone that enables the university’s faculty, researchers, students, administrators, and staff to discover, learn, reach out, and serve society. This thesis focuses on the network architecture definitions and fundamental components. Three most important characteristics of high-quality architecture are that: it’s open network architecture; it’s service-oriented characteristics and is an IP network based on packets. There are four important components in the architecture, which are: Services and Network Management, Network Control, Core Switching and Edge Access. The theoretical contribution of this study is a reference model Architecture of University Campus Network that can be followed or adapted to build a robust yet flexible network that respond next generation requirements. The results found are relevant to provide an important complete reference guide to the process of building campus network which nowadays play a very important role. Respectively, the research gives university networks a structured modular model that is reliable, robust and can easily grow.

L’insertion commerciale internationale du Cap-Vert : obstacles, stratégies et mode d’insertion

Le Cap-Vert se présente comme une Petite Economie Insulaire, très ouverte à l’extérieur. En effet, parmi les principales spécificités géographiques, économiques et commerciales on pourrait mettre en exergue d’une part l’insularité et l’éloignement ainsi que la petitesse de la population et d’autre part la primauté du secteur des services, le déficit de la balance commerciale ainsi que l’importance des transferts des émigrants, les investissements étrangers, l’aide internationale. L’insertion commerciale internationale de cette PEI est contrainte par de nombreux obstacles. Il s’agit, notamment, de l’impossibilité de réaliser des économies d’échelle, les surcoûts des transports dus à l’insularité et l’éloignement, de la faible diversification de l’offre exportable ainsi que certains obstacles commerciaux internationaux dont les mesures SPS, les OTC et les règles d’origine. Cherchant à remédier à ces obstacles et à améliorer les conditions de son insertion commerciale internationale, le Cap-Vert a fait recours à un ensemble de stratégies. Ainsi, cette insertion est fondée sur des partenariats stratégiques et l’exportation des services.

Turismo Cultural e Desenvolvimento Local: um Estudo Sobre o Concelho do Tarrafal, Cabo Verde

Este trabalho tem como o objetivo central analisar o potencial do turismo cultural no Tarrafal e compreender o seu papel na valorização do património e no desenvolvimento local. Procurou-se estudar a perceção dos agentes institucionais, a perceção dos residentes, o perfil dos turistas, a perceção dos alojamentos e dos restaurantes e as suas características. Com a globalização, as diversidades culturais emergem como elementos diferenciadores e dinamizadores do turismo. O turismo cultural tem despertado cada vez mais interesse no palco internacional, revelando-se como um grande veículo estratégico que promove o desenvolvimento local através da valorização do património, mantendo-o conservado, vivo e valorizado. O Concelho do Tarrafal localiza-se na parte norte da ilha de Santiago, a uma distância de 75 quilómetros da cidade da Praia (capital de Cabo Verde). Ocupa uma superfície de 112,4 Km2, representando assim cerca de 11% da área total da ilha de Santiago e 2,8% do território nacional. Possui cerca de 18.565 habitantes, cuja maioria é representada pela população feminina. Este concelho possui um conjunto de recursos culturais de grande interesse turístico que podem contribuir para a diversificação da oferta e transformar o concelho num destino turístico de qualidade, promovendo a melhoria das condições de vida da população como também a sustentabilidade do próprio setor. Este tipo de turismo promove além da apreciação dos objetos, infraestruturas e entre outras formas culturais, a interação entre os turistas e a própria comunidade, entre o setor publico e o privado e entre o turismo e a cultura.

Développement des filières agricoles et promotion des marchés

Le Gouvernement Capverdien avec l´assistance de la FAO à élaborer une stratégie de développement du secteur agricole au sens large, à long terme (horizon 2015) ainsi qu‟un Plan d‟action correspondant pour le moyen terme. Dans le cadre de l´initiative de la CEDEAO, Cap Vert c´est lance dans l‟élaboration de la présente sub-composante que s‟inscrit dans le cadre de l‟appui à la Formulation et mise en oeuvre d‟un Programme National d‟ Investissement Agricole (PNIA) pour la mise en oeuvre du PDDAA/NEPAD. Le document de stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté (DECRP) du pays indique la sécurité alimentaire et la garantie de la cohésion sociale en milieu rural comme les axes stratégiques centraux et dans le cadre des stratégies nationales de lutte contre la pauvreté et de sécurité alimentaire, le gouvernement du Cap-Vert a adoptée et mis en oeuvre un certain nombre de programmes pour lever les contraintes multiples auxquelles le pays est confronté, et relancer le secteur agricole. La vision stratégique de développement à court et moyen termes du Gouvernement est présentée dans le document intitulé „Grandes Options du Plan‟, basés sur les orientations suivantes: a. Promouvoir la bonne gouvernance comme facteur de développement, en réformant l‟Etat, en intensifiant la démocratie et en renforçant la citoyenneté, b. Promouvoir la capacité entrepreneur, la compétitivité et la croissance ; élargir la base productive, c. Développer le capital humain et orienter le système d‟enseignement/ formation vers les domaines prioritaires de développement, d. Promouvoir une politique globale de développement social, luttant contre la pauvreté et renforçant la cohésion et la solidarité, e. Développer des infrastructures de base et économiques et promouvoir l‟aménagement du territoire pour un développement équilibré. Étant un secteur important de l‟activité économique et sociale du Cap-Vert, l‟agriculture doit jouer les rôles fondamentaux ci-après: améliorer les conditions d‟existence durable des ruraux par la promotion d‟une approche intégrée du développement des communautés rurales, en misant sur le développement agrosylvo-pastoral comme axe fondamental,  renforcer la sécurité alimentaire des populations rurales et urbaines, l‟approvisionnement du marché interne et le développement du secteur touristique en plein essor. Le gouvernement préconise la modernisation de l‟agriculture, la déconcentration des services et institutions d‟appui a la production, la promotion de la compétitivité dans l‟agriculture et la pêche, notamment par l‟élargissement et la diversification de la base productive. La modernisation du secteur agricole et le développement rural par l‟introduction de nouvelles technologies pour l‟intensification et la diversification, doivent assurer le renforcement du tissu économique rural. A cet effet, la croissance durable de la production agricole dépend prioritairement de mesures de rationalisation et d‟optimalisation de l‟utilisation de l‟eau d‟irrigation. Les orientations devront privilégier le montage de mécanismes d‟investissements dirigés vers une nouvelle agriculture spécialisée, complétée par la formation agro-alimentaire, et le développement d‟autres secteurs stratégiques et, particulièrement le tourisme. Les orientations stratégiques pour le secteur agricole, sont identifiées comme suit :  la réorganisation de la production pluviale (végétale et animale) en vue de renforcer la capacité productive et la protection de ces zones,  la diversification des activités de production et la prestation des services en milieu rural, élargissant ainsi la base productive, en accord avec les grandes orientations du Plan Stratégique,  le développement et la valorisation de l‟écotourisme.