STRATEGIES TO SURPASS THE VULNERABILITY OF THE SMALL ISLAND STATES WITH FEW RESOURCES: THE CASE OF CAPE VERDE

The problem of small Island Developing States (SIDS) is quite recent, end of the 80s and 90s, still looking for a theoretical consolidation. SIDS, as small states in development, formed by one or several islands geographically dispersed, present reduced population, market, territory, natural resources, including drinkable water, and, in great number of the cases, low level of economic activity, factors that together, hinder the gathering of scale economies. To these diseconomies they come to join the more elevated costs in transports and communications which, allies to lower productivities, to a smaller quality and diversification of its productions, which difficult its integration in the world economy. In some SIDS these factors are not dissociating of the few investments in infrastructures, in the formation of human resources and in productive investments, just as it happens in most of the developing countries. In ecological terms, many of them with shortage of natural resources, but integrating important ecosystems in national and world terms, but with great fragility relatively to the pollution action, of excessive fishing, of uncontrolled development of tourism, factors that, conjugated and associated to the stove effect, condition the climate and the slope of the medium level of the sea water and therefore could put in cause the own survival of some of them. The drive to the awareness of the international community towards its problems summed up with the accomplishment by the United Nations in the Barbados’s Conference, 1994 where the right to the development was emphasized, through the going up the appropriate strategies and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of the SIDS. The orientation of the regional and international cooperation in that sense, sharing technology (namely clean technology and control and administration environmental technology), information and creation of capacity-building, supplying means, including financial resources, creating non discriminatory and just trade rules, it would drive to the establishment of a world system economically more equal, in which the production, the consumption, the pollution levels, the demographic politics were guided towards the sustainability. It constituted an important step for the recognition for the international community on the specificities of those states and it allowed the definition of a group of norms and politics to implement at the national, regional and international level and it was important that they continued in the sense of the sustainable development. But this Conference had in its origin previous summits: the Summit of Rio de Janeiro about Environment and Development, accomplished in 1992, which left an important document - the Agenda 21, in the Conference of Stockholm at 1972 and even in the Conference of Ramsar, 1971 about “Wetlands.” CENTRO DE ESTUDOS AFRICANOS Occasional Papers © CEA - Centro de Estudos Africanos 4 Later, the Valletta Declaration, Malta, 1998, the Forum of Small States, 2002, get the international community's attention for the problems of SIDS again, in the sense that they act to increase its resilience. If the definition of “vulnerability” was the inability of the countries to resist economical, ecological and socially to the external shocks and “resilience” as the potential for them to absorb and minimize the impact of those shocks, presenting a structure that allows them to be little affected by them, a part of the available studies, dated of the 90s, indicate that the SIDS are more vulnerable than the other developing countries. The vulnerability of SIDS results from the fact the they present an assemblage of characteristics that turns them less capable of resisting or they advance strategies that allow a larger resilience to the external shocks, either anthropogenic (economical, financial, environmental) or even natural, connected with the vicissitudes of the nature. If these vulnerability factors were grouped with the expansion of the economic capitalist system at world level, the economic and financial globalisation, the incessant search of growing profits on the part of the multinational enterprises, the technological accelerated evolution drives to a situation of disfavour of the more poor. The creation of the resilience to the external shocks, to the process of globalisation, demands from SIDS and of many other developing countries the endogen definition of strategies and solid but flexible programs of integrated development. These must be assumed by the instituted power, but also by the other stakeholders, including companies and organizations of the civil society and for the population in general. But that demands strong investment in the formation of human resources, in infrastructures, in investigation centres; it demands the creation capacity not only to produce, but also to produce differently and do international marketing. It demands institutional capacity. Cape Verde is on its way to this stage.

Increasing Students Vocabulary in Efl Class

After reviewing the literature, this work tries to show the importance of teaching vocabulary fõr students’ literacy skills, especially, reading comprehension. Many researchers suggest that the greatest amount of vocabulary growth occurs through incidental word learning in wide reading, and, research indicates that vocabulary instruction is an important vehicle for vocabulary learning. (Anderson& Nagy, as cited in Harmon, 1992, p.306). Word knowledge is one of the best ways of successful reading and comprehension. “Reading enhancement correlates with reader’s vocabulary” (Im, 1994, p.12). Therefore, today’s language teachers and researchers have realized the important role of vocabulary in reading comprehension. A survey carried out on 10th, 11th and 12th grade students, regarding their reading comprehension, shows that unknown words is one of the factors which influences their ability to read and comprehend a passage. It also shows that students feel the need to be instructed on strategy when encountering new words and consequently improving their vocabulary. This inhibits their understanding of a reading selection. As a result it is crucial that teachers equip students with methodological tools to be employed when they encounter unknown words. There are a lot systematic approaches for discerning which skills and words a teacher should focus on and meaningful classroom activities to reinforce the words and strategies that teachers can use to help students increase their word knowledge. Finally research indicates that developing students’ vocabulary correlates with success in all areas of curriculum (Edger, 1999, p.14). The success of vocabulary development depends on students’ active process of learning and strategies used by teachers.

Factores que influenciam na escolha vocacional dos alunos do 12o ano da Via Técnica. O caso da Escola Secundária Polivalente Cesaltina Ramos

A orientação vocacional tem tido uma parte activa no desenvolvimento educacional, e tem sido alvo de uma evolução que assume uma relação cada vez mais estreita com a comunidade educativa, patenteado, ao longo do tempo, a necessidade de uma visão não só informativa, e construtiva, mas também desenvolvimental e ecológica, abarcando todos os contextos da vida do aluno. Esta evolução é denotada de um grande potencial, dado que também traz consigo um maior leque de possibilidades de modos e campos de intervenção na área da orientação. Intitulado “ Factores que interferem na escolha vocacional”, este trabalho de investigação, de carácter exploratório e de teor essencialmente quantitativo, tem como amostra representativa da população em estudo 121 alunos do 12o ano da via técnica da escola Secundária Polivalente Cesaltina Ramos. Todos os alunos da população do estudo não tiveram a mesma probabilidade de integrar esta amostra, dado que distribuímos o questionário que utilizamos era apenas para uma amostra representativa da nossa população (178). No que refere ao tratamento de dados usamos o SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) como recurso informático, fazendo análise das frequências, cruzamento e media dos dados, possibilitando-nos assim uma melhor análise dos resultados obtidos da aplicação dos questionários. Nesse trabalho procura-se diagnosticar quais os factores que influenciam a escolha vocacional dos alunos do 12o ano da Via Técnica da Escola Secundária Polivalente Cesaltina Ramos. O mesmo procura realçar os pontos mais importantes do tema em questão, dando assim um conhecer mais profundo do trabalho aos leitos Fazendo enfoque aos factores que interferem na escolha vocacional dos alunos do 12o ano da Via Técnica da Escola Secundária Polivalente Cesaltina Ramos, o trabalho teve como suporte teórico alguns autores tais como: Young, Bohoslavsky, Bock, Imaginário, Campos, Lucchiari, Nérici, Bem, Oliveira, Lassance, Unger, Levenfus, Coimbra e entre outros. Tentaremos ser claros e objectivos no que diz respeito ao tema. A metodologia adoptada foi a utilização do questionário como instrumento de medida. Questionário esse que foi elaborado pela autora da monografia. Este questionário é fechado composta por 18 (dezoito) itens com escala de respostas predefinidas. Ainda o referido questionário encontra-se estruturada de forma a responder aos objectivos do estudo em causa No que concerne à análise de dados, enfatizamos/privilegiamos a utilização de gráficos e tabelas que contribuíram realmente para decompor/analisar os dados conseguidos com a referida investigação. Também fez - se a recolha de algumas informações junto do Ministério da Educação e Ensino Superior (MEES).