U.S. landowner behavior, land use and land cover changes, and climate change mitigation

Abstract

Land use response to agricultural policy and market movements on Finnish dairy-farms

Selostus: Tuki- ja hintamuutosten vaikutus maitotilojen pellon käyttöön

GIS assessing traditional and modern agricultural land use/land cover change. A case study 1959-2005: Rekijoki, Somero, SW-Finland

Finland’s rural landscape has gone through remarkable changes from the 1950’s, due to agricultural developments. Changed farming practices have influenced especially traditional landscape management, and modifications in the arable land structure and grasslands transitions are notable. The review of the previous studies reveal the importance of the rural landscape composition and structure to species and landscape diversity, whereas including the relevance in presence of the open ditches, size of the field and meadow patches, topology of the natural and agricultural landscape. This land-change study includes applying remote sensed data from two time series and empirical geospatial analysis in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The aims of this retrospective research is to detect agricultural landscape use and land cover change (LULCC) dynamics and discuss the consequences of agricultural intensification to landscape structure covering from the aspects of landscape ecology. Measurements of LULC are derived directly from pre-processed aerial images by a variety of analytical procedures, including statistical methods and image interpretation. The methodological challenges are confronted in the process of landscape classification and combining change detection approaches with landscape indices. Particular importance is paid on detecting agricultural landscape features at a small scale, demanding comprehensive understanding of such agroecosystems. Topological properties of the classified arable land and valley are determined in order to provide insight and emphasize the aspect the field edges in the agricultural landscape as important habitat. Change detection dynamics are presented with change matrix and additional calculations of gain, loss, swap, net change, change rate and tendencies are made. Transition’s possibility is computed following Markov’s probability model and presented with matrix, as well. Thesis’s spatial aspect is revealed with illustrative maps providing knowledge of location of the classified landscape categories and location of the dynamics of the changes occurred. It was assured that in Rekijoki valley’s landscape, remarkable changes in landscape has occurred. Landscape diversity has been strongly influenced by modern agricultural landscape change, as NP of open ditches has decreased and the MPS of the arable plot has decreased. Overall change in the diversity of the landscape is determined with the decrease of SHDI. Valley landscape considered as traditional land use area has experienced major transitional changes, as meadows class has lost almost one third of the area due to afforestation. Also, remarkable transitions have occurred from forest to meadow and arable land to built area. Boundaries measurement between modern and traditional landscape has indicated noticeable proportional increase in arable land-forest edge type and decrease in arable land-meadow edge type. Probability calculations predict higher future changes for traditional landscape, but also for arable land turning into built area.

Evaluating land-use related environmental impacts of biomass value chains for decision-support : Comparison and testing of methodologies proposed for environmental life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is one of the most established quantitative tools for environmental impact assessment of products. To be able to provide support to environmentally-aware decision makers on environmental impacts of biomass value-chains, the scope of LCA methodology needs to be augmented to cover landuse related environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on analysing and discussing potential impact assessment methods, conceptual models and environmental indicators that have been proposed to be implemented into the LCA framework for impacts of land use. The applicability of proposed indicators and impact assessment frameworks is tested from practitioners' perspective, especially focusing on forest biomass value chains. The impacts of land use on biodiversity, resource depletion, climate change and other ecosystem services is analysed and discussed and the interplay in between value choices in LCA modelling and the decision-making situations to be supported is critically discussed. It was found out that land use impact indicators are necessary in LCA in highlighting differences in impacts from distinct land use classes. However, many open questions remain on certainty of highlighting actual impacts of land use, especially regarding impacts of managed forest land use on biodiversity and ecosystem services such as water regulation and purification. The climate impact of energy use of boreal stemwood was found to be higher in the short term and lower in the long-term in comparison with fossil fuels that emit identical amount of CO2 in combustion, due to changes implied to forest C stocks. The climate impacts of energy use of boreal stemwood were found to be higher than the previous estimates suggest on forest residues and stumps. The product lifetime was found to have much higher influence on the climate impacts of woodbased value chains than the origin of stemwood either from thinnings or final fellings. Climate neutrality seems to be likely only in the case when almost all the carbon of harvested wood is stored in long-lived wooden products. In the current form, the land use impacts cannot be modelled with a high degree of certainty nor communicated with adequate level of clarity to decision makers. The academia needs to keep on improving the modelling framework, and more importantly, clearly communicate to decision-makers the limited certainty on whether land-use intensive activities can help in meeting the strict mitigation targets we are globally facing.

Forest cover and its change in Unguja Island, Zanzibar

Tropical forests are sources of many ecosystem services, but these forests are vanishing rapidly. The situation is severe in Sub-Saharan Africa and especially in Tanzania. The causes of change are multidimensional and strongly interdependent, and only understanding them comprehensively helps to change the ongoing unsustainable trends of forest decline. Ongoing forest changes, their spatiality and connection to humans and environment can be studied with the methods of Land Change Science. The knowledge produced with these methods helps to make arguments about the actors, actions and causes that are behind the forest decline. In this study of Unguja Island in Zanzibar the focus is in the current forest cover and its changes between 1996 and 2009. The cover and changes are measured with often used remote sensing methods of automated land cover classification and post-classification comparison from medium resolution satellite images. Kernel Density Estimation is used to determine the clusters of change, sub-area –analysis provides information about the differences between regions, while distance and regression analyses connect changes to environmental factors. These analyses do not only explain the happened changes, but also allow building quantitative and spatial future scenarios. Similar study has not been made for Unguja and therefore it provides new information, which is beneficial for the whole society. The results show that 572 km2 of Unguja is still forested, but 0,82–1,19% of these forests are disappearing annually. Besides deforestation also vertical degradation and spatial changes are significant problems. Deforestation is most severe in the communal indigenous forests, but also agroforests are decreasing. Spatially deforestation concentrates to the areas close to the coastline, population and Zanzibar Town. Biophysical factors on the other hand do not seem to influence the ongoing deforestation process. If the current trend continues there should be approximately 485 km2 of forests remaining in 2025. Solutions to these deforestation problems should be looked from sustainable land use management, surveying and protection of the forests in risk areas and spatially targeted self-sustainable tree planting schemes.

Rural Food System Change in Tanzania during the Post-Ujamaa Era. A Case Study from Western Bagamoyo District

Food systems in Sub-Saharan Africa have been rapidly transforming during the recent decades with diverse outcomes on human development and environment. This study explores the food system change in rural villages in eastern Tanzania where subsistence agriculture has traditionally been the main source of livelihood. The focus is on the salient changes in the spatial dimensions and structural composition of the food system in the context of economic liberalization that has taken place after the end of the socialist ujamaa era in the mid-1980s. In addition, the linkages of the changes are examined in relation to food security, socio-economic situation, livelihoods, and local environment. The approach of the study is geographical, but also involves various multi-disciplinary elements, particularly from development studies. The research methods included thematic and questionnaire interviews, participatory tools, and the analysis of land use/ cover data and official documents. Several earlier studies that were made in the area during the late 1970s and 1980s provided an important reference base. The study shows that subsistence farming has lost its dominant role in food provisioning due to the declining productivity of land, livestock losses, and the increasing shift of labour to non-farm sectors. Also rapid population growth has added to the pressure on land and other natural resources. Despite the increasing need for money for buying marketed foods and other necessities, the nutritional situation shows improvement and severe malnutrition has diminished. However, the long-term sustainability of this transformation raises concerns. Firstly, the food security situation continues to be fragile and prone to shocks such as adverse climatic conditions, crop failures and price hikes. Secondly, the commodification of the food system and livelihoods in general is linked to rapid environmental degradation in the area, particularly the loss of soil fertility and deforestation. The situation calls for efforts that take more determined and holistic approaches towards sustainable development of the rural food system with particular focus on the role and viability of small-scale farming.

0-visio - teoriasta käytännöksi : Varsinais-Suomen ja Satakunnan maakuntien liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma 2012-2016

Liikenneturvallisuus syntyy eri osapuolten toiminnan ja yhteistyön tuloksena. Poliitikot päättävät yhteiskunnan suunnittelusta ja liikennejärjestelmästä, suunnittelijat toteuttavat poliitikkojen tekemiä päätöksiä, virkamiehet laativat lakiehdotuksia ja sääntöjä, ELY-keskus ja kunnat vastaavat teistä ja niiden kunnosta, poliisi valvoo liikennesääntöjen noudattamista, Liikenneturva tiedottaa ja kouluttaa, yritykset, yhteisöt ja yksityiset ihmiset tilaavat ja käyttävät kuljetuspalveluja ja kaikki kuntalaiset osallistuvat liikenteeseen. Liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma toimii työkaluna Varsinais-Suomen ja Satakunnan liikenneturvallisuustyössä. Alueellisen liikenneturvallisuustyön nollavisio ja tavoitteet asetettiin valtakunnallisen liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelman, alueen nykytila-analyysin sekä suunnitelman laadinnan aikana sidosryhmien kanssa käydyn keskustelun pohjalta. Nollavision mukaan kenenkään ei tarvitse kuolla tai loukkaantua vakavasti liikenteessä. Lisäksi visiona on vastuullinen liikkuminen, joka myös koetaan turvalliseksi. Seitsemän kohdan ohjelmaan nollavision toteuttamiseksi on tiivistetty tärkeimmät toimet. Yksilöityihin toimenpiteisiin on kirjattu maankäytön suunnitteluun, kestävään liikkumiseen, liikenneympäristöön ja liikennekäyttäytymiseen liittyviä toimenpiteitä. Lisäksi liikenneturvallisuusyhteistyöhön kohdistuvia toimenpiteitä sisältyy suunnitelmaan. Toimenpiteiden toteuttamisen vastuu- ja yhteistyötahoja on useita. Toimenpiteet kohdistuvat alueen tielläliikkujiin, organisaatioihin ja päätöksentekijöihin. Pitkän aikavälin ja valtakunnallisen tason toimenpiteet edesauttavat liikenneturvallisuuden kehittymistä toivottuun suuntaan. Vaikutustarkastelu osoittaa, että asetettujen tavoitteiden saavuttaminen vaatii laajaa keinovalikoimaa, usean toimijan välistä yhteistyötä sekä resursseja liikenneturvallisuustyöhön. Tämä liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma haastaa eri hallinnonalat, viranomaiset, järjestöt ja yritykset omalta osaltaan toteuttamaan toimia, jotka vievät kohti nollavisiota. Suunnitelman toteutuminen edellyttää, että sillä on kuntien ja päättäjien tuki. Varsinais-Suomen ja Satakunnan liikenteen tulevaisuus kehittyy suunnitelman mukaisesti, jos liikenteen vastuunkantajat sitoutuvat suunnitelman vision periaatteisiin ja pitävät elämää suojelevia arvoja toimintansa perustana.

Uutta tietoa Kainuun soista : Kainuun suoselvitys -projektin tulosraportti

Raportissa esitellään Kainuun suoselvitys -projektin keskeisimpiä tuloksia ja niistä vedettyjä johtopäätöksiä. Vuosina 2010–2012 toteutetun projektin tarkoituksena on ollut parantaa tietopohjaa Kainuun soista, ja sitä kautta luoda edellytyksiä soiden eri käyttömuotojen yhteensovittamiselle ja samalla nostaa esille Kainuun soihin liittyviä mahdollisuuksia. Soiden käyttö nähtiin projektissa laajasti, sisältäen paitsi erilaiset taloudellisen hyödyntämisen muodot myös soiden merkityksen ihmisten virkistykselle ja hyvinvoinnille sekä luonnon monimuotoisuudelle ja monille sääteleville toiminnoille. Taustana projektille on samaan aikaan laadittu kansallinen suostrategia. Sen mukaan soiden luonnontilaa muuttavien toimintojen, maa-, metsä- ja turvetalouden, tulisi jatkossa toimia jo ojitetuilla tai muuten merkittävästi muuttuneilla soilla. Näin soiden luonnontilaisuudesta hyötyville soiden käytön muodoille ja ekosysteemipalveluille jää paremmin tilaa toimia. Kainuu on Suomen kolmanneksi soisin maakunta. Suot ovat keskeinen osa sen luontoa ja maisemaa ja myös monipuolinen luonnonvara. Valtaosa Kainuun suopinta-alasta on ojitettu. Uutta tietoa on projektissa tuotettu paikkatietomenetelmin ja kohdennetuin maastoselvityksin. Raportin aihepiirejä ovat Kainuun soiden käyttö, jäljellä olevat ojittamattomat suot, suojeltujen soiden vesitaloudellinen eheys, metsätalouden käytöstä poistuvat ojitetut suot, soiden merkitys virkistyksen ja matkailun kannalta sekä maastossa tutkittujen 143 suon arviointi turpeennoston ja luonnon monimuotoisuuden kannalta. Raportissa esitetään, että kansallisen suostrategian tavoite soiden kestävästä ja vastuullisesta käytöstä ja suojelusta on mahdollista saavuttaa eri toimijoiden yhteistyön ja maankäytön ohjauksen avulla. Se edellyttää sitoutumista suostrategian linjauksiin sekä tietopohjan parantamista soista ja eri toimintojen vaikutuksista. Kainuun suoselvitys -projektissa on osaltaan tuotettu tätä tietoa ja myös kehitelty menetelmiä sen hankkimiseksi.

Sustainability of protein production by bioreactor processes using wind and solar power as energy sources

Food production account for significant share of global environmental impacts. Impacts are global warming, fresh water use, land use and some non-renewable substance consumption like phosphorous fertilizers. Because of non-sustainable food production, the world is heading to different crises. Both food- and freshwater crises and also land area and phosphorous fertilizer shortages are one of many challenges to overcome in near future. The major protein sources production amounts, their impacts on environment and uses are show in this thesis. In this thesis, a more sustainable than conventional way of biomass production for food use is introduced. These alternative production methods are photobioreactor process and syngas-based bioreactor process. The processes’ energy consumption and major inputs are viewed. Their environmental impacts are estimated. These estimations are the compared to conventional protein production’s impacts. The outcome of the research is that, the alternative methods can be more sustainable solutions for food production than conventional production. However, more research is needed to verify the exact impacts. Photobioreactor is more sustainable process than syngas-based bioreactor process, but it is more location depended and uses more land area than syngas-based process. In addition, the technology behind syngas-based application is still developing and it can be more efficient in the future.