Factors affecting snow damage of trees with particular reference to European conditions

Summary

Effect of weather and climatological background on snow damage of forests in Southern Finland in November 1991

Summary

Reducing grain damage in naked oat through gentle harvesting

Selostus: Paljasjyväisen kauran hellävarainen sadonkorjuu

Propability of bark stripping damage by red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Austria

Abstract

Factors affecting the snow and wind induced damage of a montane secondary forest in northeastern China

Abstract

Time consumption and damage to the remaining stock in mechanised and motor manual pre-commercial thinning

Abstract

Metal surface and subsurface inspection using nondestructive optical methods

This thesis considers nondestructive optical methods for metal surface and subsurface inspection. The main purpose of this thesis was to study some optical methods in order to find out their applicability to industrial measurements. In laboratory testing the simplest light scattering approach, measurement of specular reflectance, was used for surface roughness evaluation. Surface roughness, curvature and finishing process of metal sheets were determined by specular reflectance measurements. Using a fixed angleof incidence, the specular reflectance method might be automated for industrialinspection. For defect detection holographic interferometry and thermography were compared. Using either holographic interferometry or thermography, relativelysmall-size defects in metal plates could be revealed. Holographic techniques have some limitations for industrial measurements. On the contrary, thermography has excellent prospects for on-line inspection, especially with scanning techniques.