Beskrifning öfwer de til Sweriges krona lydande lapmarker, : innehollande kort underrättelse så wäl om landets belägenhet och beskaffenhet i gemen, som des inwånares tilstånd och husholdning, deras seder, maner och lefnadsart, samt laster och widskepelser, m.m. : Framgifwen af mag. Pehr Högström missionar och kyrkoherde wid Gelliware.

The date of publication is handwritten ʼ1747ʼ.

Sanojen kautta aukeaa ymmärrys

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Central African identities and religiosity in colonial Minas Gerais

This study deals with the import of West Central African slaves and their religious practices to Minas Gerais in the eighteenth century. The captaincy of Minas Gerais in the interior of Brazil developed into the world’s largest gold producing region in the beginning of the eighteenth century. The large-scale mining of gold, and later diamonds, was only possible through massive imports of slaves from Africa to Brazil. The first part of this study discusses the Atlantic slave trade in the southern Atlantic world. The discovery of gold in Minas Gerais led to an increasing demand for slaves in Brazil, which was largely met by supplies from Angola. The study analyzes the formation of Central Africans’ identities both in their homelands and in Brazil. Slave identities or “nations” have often been seen as creations of the slave owners. By interpreting major Central African “nations” such as Angola, Congo, and Benguela as regional identities that were tied to the slaves’ origins in Africa, this study offers a new interpretation of what these identities meant for Central Africans in Minas Gerais. The second part of this study concentrates on the religious universe of Central Africans. Processes of cultural creolization affected West Central African societies after the Portuguese landed in the kingdom of Kongo in the late fifteenth century and led to the development of an Atlantic Creole culture. The spread of Catholicism in West Central Africa affected religious life especially in the kingdom of Kongo, in the city of Luanda, and in the Portuguese colony of Angola. Central African religious specialists were often denounced to the authorities in Angola for organizing healing and divination rituals. Diagnosis in these rituals was often made through spirit possession. Central Africans took these healing and divining methods to Minas Gerais, where numerous African religious specialists enjoyed great prominence. In the Brazilian mining region, it was commonplace that African healers served not only the African slave population, but also free whites. In the eighteenth century, Central African popular healers made a significant contribution to the therapeutic arts practiced in Minas Gerais and elsewhere in Brazil.

Tornionlaakso tieteen näyttämönä

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Cultural Diversity, Social Cohesion, Religion: Core Values and Educational Policies in Four European Nations

In my doctoral thesis I evaluate strategies designed to cope with the multicultural nature of four European nations: Great Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark. I also analyse and clarify the question of the place of religion in present-day Europe. The empirical material analysed in the study consists of politicians’ statements and policy documents dealing with immigration policy and religious and values education in the four countries. In addition, I analyse statements issued by the Council of Europe regarding religious education, along with all cases relevant to religious education brought before the United Nations Human Rights Committee or the European Court of Human Rights. The theoretical framework is formed by the scholarly debate – among philosophers, sociologists and scholars of religion in education – concerning the question of a just society. Special emphasis is given to philosophical theories that are in favour of granting special group rights to religious minorities in the name of equal treatment. With regard to the question of the appropriate place of religion, I apply Kim Knott’s methodological model for locating religion in secular contexts, and Émile Durkheim’s theory as to the significance of religion and collective sentiments in uniting adherents or members of a group into a single moral community. The study shows that even when the positive side of immigration, as a potential force for the enrichment of the public culture, is acknowledged, there is anxiety as to the successful integration of immigrants. The premises and goals of immigration policies have also been questioned. One central problem is the incommensurability between the values upheld by Western liberal democracies and certain religious traditions, above all those of Islam. Great Britain, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark have tightened control over their citizens’ ethical attitudes and want to regulate these as well. In coping with cultural diversity, the significance of education, especially religious education, plays a significant role; as future citizens, pupils are expected to internalise the society’s core values as well as gaining an understanding of different cultures and ways of life. It is also worth noting that both the Council of Europe and the European Court of Human Rights have recently expressed the view that one important goal of religious education is to enable pupils to be critical and autonomous with regard to different religions and moral positions. The study shows that religion is not seen as purely a personal matter. Religion is closely linked to individual and national identity, and religious traditions thus have a place in the public domain. It should be noted, however, that a religious tradition – more precisely, an interpretation of religious tradition – qualifies as a legitimate partner in the democratic decision-making process only if it shares similar values with Western European nations.

Retkikunnan uskonnollisia kohtaamisia 1700-luvun pohjolassa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Frithjof Schuonin uskonto- ja esoteriakäsitys

Tässä tutkielmassa olen pyrkinyt antamaan lukijalle käsityksen siitä, millaisista elementeistä muodostui sveitsiläis-elsassilaisen muslimimystikko, runoilija ja taidemaalari Frithjof Schuonin käsitys uskonnosta ja kuinka hän ymmärsi esoteerisuuden. Tavoitteenani tämän jälkeen on ollut paikantaa Schuonin näkemykset länsimaisen esoterian ja pluralistisen uskontoteologian kentälle. Tutkimuksen kohteena on ollut Frithjof Schuonin aiheesta tuottama laaja kirjallisuus. Tärkeimmät kirjalliset aineistot ovat olleet Seyyed Hossein Nasrin toimittama The Essential Writings of Frithjof Schuon, joka koostuu Schuonin kirjoittamista esseistä ja artikkeleista, sekä Schuonin kirjat The Transcendent Unity of Religions ja Form and Substance in the Religions. Metodologisesti tutkielmani sijoittuu uskontohistoriaan ja esoteriatutkimukseen. Tutkielmasta selviää, että Schuonin määritelmä uskonnolle oli normatiivinen. Hän erotti toisistaan aidot ja epäaidot uskonnot ja jakoi aidot uskonnot eksoteeriseen ja esoteeriseen puoleen sekä puhdas- ja harhaoppisiin muotoihin. Hän näki transsendenttisen ykseyden (sophia perennis) puhdasoppisten aitojen uskontojen kesken ja piti Absoluuttia (Jumala/nirvāna) tällaisten uskontojen alkuperänä. Hän ei siis pitänyt uskontoja yksinomaan inhimillisinä kulttuuri-ilmiöinä. Esoterian hän katsoi sisältyvän puhdasoppisiin uskontoihin, ei niinkään olevan vastakulttuuri tai vaihtoehto niille. Schuonin uskontokäsityksen voi nähdä esoteerisena näkökulmana pluralistiseen tapaan nähdä uskontojen keskinäiset suhteet. Hän on etsinyt uskonnollisista traditioista yhtäläisyyksiä ja perusteluja näkemyksilleen pyrkimättä luomaan uudenlaista uskonnollista perinnettä. Hyvä jatkotutkimuksen aihe olisi selvittää, kuinka nämä hänen löytämänsä yhtäläisyydet ja perustelut nähdään uskonnollisten traditioiden itsensä sisällä.