Nocturnal Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide and Early Changes in Atherosclerosis in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women

The risk of cardiovascular diseases and sleep-disordered breathing increases after menopause. This cross-sectional study focuses on overnight transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TcCO₂) measurements and their power to predict changes in the early markers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The endothelial function of the brachial artery, the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery, blood pressure, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C and plasma levels of cholesterols and triglycerides were used as markers of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The study subjects consisted of healthy premenopausal women of 46 years of age and postmenopausal women of 56 years of age. From wakefulness to sleep, the TcCO₂ levels increased more in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women. In estrogen-users the increase in TcCO₂ levels was even more pronounced than in other postmenopausal women. From the dynamic behaviour of the nocturnal TcCO₂ signal, several important features were detected. These TcCO₂ features had a remarkable role in the prediction of endothelial dysfunction and thickening of the carotid wall in healthy premenopausal women. In addition, these TcCO₂ features were linked with blood pressure, lipid profile and glucose balance in postmenopausal women. The nocturnal TcCO₂ profile seems to contain significant information, which is associated with early changes in cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged women. TcCO₂ might not only measure the tissue carbon dioxide levels, but the TcCO₂ signal variation may also reflect peripheral vasodynamic events caused by increased sympathetic activity during sleep.

Sleep and Menopause. Hormone Therapy and Sleep Deprivation

This study evaluated the effect of menopause, hormone therapy (HT) and aging on sleep. Further, the mechanisms behind these effects were examined by studying the associations between sleep and the nocturnal profiles of sleep-related hormones. Crosssectional study protocols were used to evaluate sleep in normal conditions and during recovery from sleep deprivation. The effect of initiation of HT on sleep and sleeprelated hormones was studied in a prospective controlled trial. Young, premenopausal and postmenopausal women were studied, and the methods included polysomnography, 24-h blood sampling, questionnaires and cognitive tests of attention. Postmenopausal women were less satisfied with their sleep quality than premenopausal women, but this was not reflected in sleepiness or attention. The objective sleep quality was mainly similar in pre- and postmenopausal women, but differed from young women. The recovery mechanisms from sleep deprivation were relatively well-preserved after menopause. HT offered no advantage to sleep after sleep deprivation or under normal conditions. The decreased growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) levels after menopause were reversible with HT. Neither menopause nor HT had any effect on cortisol levels. In premenopausal women, HT had only minor effects on PRL and cortisol levels. The temporal link between GH and slow wave sleep (SWS) was weaker after menopause. PRL levels were temporally associated with sleep stages, and higher levels were seen during SWS and lower during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Sleep quality after menopause is better determined by age than by menopausal state. Although HT restores the decreased levels of GH and PRL after menopause, it offers no advantage to sleep quality under normal conditions or after sleep deprivation.

Evolution of Bordetella pertussis post vaccination

Evolution of Bordetella pertussis post vaccination Whooping cough or pertussis is caused by the gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is a highly contiguous disease in the human respiratory tract. Characteristic of pertussis is a paroxysmal cough with whooping sound during gasps of breath after coughing episodes. It is potentially fatal to unvaccinated infants. The best approach to fight pertussis is to vaccinate. Vaccinations against pertussis have been available from the 1940s. Traditionally vaccines were whole-cell pertussis (wP) preparations as part of the combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccines. More recently acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines have replaced the wP vaccines in many countries. The aP vaccines are less reactogenic and can also be administered to school children and adults. There are several publications reporting variation in the i>B. pertussis virulence factors that are also aP vaccine antigens. This has occurred in the genes coding for pertussis toxin and pertactin about 15 to 30 years after the introduction of pertussis vaccines to immunisation programs. Resurgence of pertussis has also been reported in many countries with high vaccination coverage. In this study the evolution of B. pertussis was investigated in Finland, the United Kingdom, Poland, Serbia, China, Senegal and Kenya. These represent countries with a long history of high vaccination coverage with stable vaccines or changes in the vaccine formulation; countries which established high vaccination coverage late; and countries where vaccinations against pertussis were started late. With bacterial cytotoxicity and cytokine measurements, comparative genomic hybridisation, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), genotyping and serotyping it was found that changes in the vaccine composition can postpone the emergence of antigenic variants. It seems that the change in PFGE profiles and the loss of genetic material in the genome of B. pertussis are similar in most countries and the vaccine-induced immunity is selecting non-vaccine type strains. However, the differences in the formulation of the vaccines, the vaccination programs and in the coverage of pertussis vaccination have affected the speed and timing of these changes.

Kokoeksomisekvenointi varhaislapsuuden selvittämättömissä kuolemantapauksissa

Suomessa esiintyy vuosittain 8-15 selittämätöntä alle yhden vuoden ikäisen lapsen äkkikuolemaa ja noin viidesosa kohdunsisäisten kuolemien syistä jää arvoitukseksi. Arvellaan, että näiden kuolemantapausten taustalla on harvinaisia geneettisiä sairauksia. Tässä työssä tutkittiin Turun Yliopistollisen Keskussairaalan varhaislapsuuden ja loppuraskauden lasten ja sikiöiden kuolemantapauksia vuosilta 2000-2012 niistä potilaista, joista ruumiinavaus lisätutkimuksineen ei ollut paljastanut kuolinsyytä. Tarkempaan tutkimukseen valikoitui neljä potilasta, joista eristettiin DNA:ta kokoeksomisekvenointia varten. Tuloksia verrattiin perimän normaalivaihteluun ja poikkeavat löydökset, joilla voisi olla merkitystä potilaiden kuoleman kannalta, määritettiin. Kolmesta eri potilaasta löydettiin alustavasti merkittäväksi tulkittavat geenivirheet. Potilaalla 1 oli kromosomi 6q24-q25 alueen deleetio, jossa sydämen kehityksen kannalta olennaisen TAB2-geenin toiminta häiriintyy ja potilaille kehittyy vakava synnynäinen sydänvika. Potilaalla 2 oli yhden emäksen mutaatio CPT1A-geenissä, joka aiheuttaa CPT1A-proteiinin puutoksen. CPT1A osallistuu mitokondrioiden kalvoilla pitkäketjuisten rasvahappojen kuljetukseen ja häiriöt sen toiminnassa aiheuttavat merkittäviä energiatasapainon häiriöitä. CPT1A-puutoksen on kuvattu aiheuttavan äkkikuolemia varhaislapsuudesta aikuisuuteen. Potilaalla 3 oli DPP6-geenin yhden emäksen mutaatio. TAB2-geenin häiriö on todennäköisesti ollut merkittävänä tekijänä aiheuttamassa potilaan 1 kliiniset löydökset ja voinut myötävaikuttaa kuolemaan. Myös CPT1A-puutos on mahdollisesti vaikuttanut potilaan 2 kuolemaan. DPP6-geenivirheen ajateltiin aiheuttavan ajoittaista kammiovärinää (paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation type 2), mutta myöhemmin uusissa tutkimuksissa kävi ilmi, että mutaatio ei ole patogeeninen. Vaikka kokoeksomisekvenointimenetelmässä on vielä merkittäviä puutoksia kuolinsyytutkimukseen sovellettaessa ja se soveltuu paremmin tutkimuskäyttöön kuin kliiniseen työhön, se avaa kokonaan uusia mahdollisuuksia aiemmin tuntemattomien lapsen kuolemaan johtavien sairauksien diagnostiikassa.