Volvo PV 53-57 ja 801-802 voiteluohjeita

kuv., 18 x 12 cm

PV-1: Leukocyte trafficking molecule and vascular marker

The distinction between lymphatic vessels and blood vessels is a crucial factor in many studies in immunology, vascular biology and cancer biology. They both share several characteristics and perform related, though different functions. They are equally important for the performance of the human immune system with the continuous recirculation of leukocytes from the tissues via lymphatics to the blood vessels and back into the tissue presenting the link between both systems. This study was undertaken to elucidate the differences in the gene expression between primary blood- and lymphatic endothelial cells as well as the two immortalized cell lines HMEC-1 (human microvascular endothelial cell line 1) and TIME (telomerase immortalized microvascular endothelial cell line). Furthermore, we wanted to investigate the mystery surrounding the identity of the antigen recognized by the prototype blood vascular marker PAL-E. In the last step we wanted to study whether the PAL-E antigen would be involved in the process of leukocyte migration from the bloodstream into the surrounding tissue. Our results clearly show that the gene expression in primary blood endothelial cells (BEC), lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) and the cell lines HMEC-1 and TIME is plastic. Comparison of a large set of BEC- and LEC datasets allowed us to assemble a catalog of new, stable BEC- or LEC specific markers, which we verified in independent experiments. Additionally, several lines of evidence demonstrated that PAL-E recognizes plasmalemma vesicle associated protein 1 (PV-1), which can form complexes with vimentin and neuropilin-1. Finally, numerous in vitro and in vivo experiments identify the first function of the protein PV-1 during leukocyte trafficking, where it acts as regulatory molecule.

Comparative Analysis of Solar PV Business Models

The goal of the thesis is to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of solar PV business model and point out key factors that affect the efficiency of business model, the results are expected to help in creating new business strategy. The methodology of case study research is chosen as theoretical background to structure the design of the thesis indicating how to choose the right research method and conduction of a case study research. Business model canvas is adopted as the tool for analyzing the case studies of SolarCity and Sungevity. The results are presented through the comparison between the cases studies. Solar services and products, cost in customer acquisition, intellectual resource and powerful sales channels are identified as the major factors for TPO model.

Laser scribing of thin-film PV modules

This study is a literature review on laser scribing in monolithically interconnected thin-film PV modules, focusing on efficiency of modules based on absorber materials CIGS, CdTe and a-Si. In thin-film PV module manufacturing scribing is used to interconnect individual cells monolithically by P1, P2 and P3 scribes. Laser scribing has several advantages compared to mechanical scribing for this purpose. However, laser scribing of thin-films can be a challenging process and may induce efficiency reducing defects. Some of these defects can be avoided by improving optimisation or processing methods.

Optimization of PV and battery capacity for domestic purposes

The usage of PV batteries nowadays became more and more widely spread. Due to the fact that the efficiency of modern PV is rising every year the prevalence of this source of energy is increasing. As the source of the energy is sunlight, these batteries need to be complimented by storage capacitors which will store energy for future use. Nevertheless the less the calculation of demanded amount of energy according the load and capacity of a storage battery that will keep the end consumer in work during certain time still is not overviewed. In this thesis the overall system will be considered and there will be made economic calculations for configurations of such system that will depend from the load. Also the behavior of the system in different geographical and climate conditions that influence of the amount of energy produced will be overviewed.

Techno-Economic Assessment of LNG and Diesel Production and Global Trading Based on Hybrid PV-Wind Power Plants and PtG, GtL and PtL Technologies

With growing demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquid transportation fuels, and concerns about climate change and causes of greenhouse gas emissions, this master’s thesis introduces a new value chain design for LNG and transportation fuels and respective fundamental business cases based on hybrid PV-Wind power plants. The value chains are composed of renewable electricity (RE) converted by power-to-gas (PtG), gas-to-liquids (GtL) or power-to-liquids (PtL) facilities into SNG (which is finally liquefied into LNG) or synthetic liquid fuels, mainly diesel, respectively. The RE-LNG or RE-diesel are drop-in fuels to the current energy system and can be traded everywhere in the world. The calculations for the hybrid PV-Wind power plants, electrolysis, methanation (H2tSNG), hydrogen-to-liquids (H2tL), GtL and LNG value chain are performed based on both annual full load hours (FLh) and hourly analysis. Results show that the proposed RE-LNG produced in Patagonia, as the study case, is competitive with conventional LNG in Japan for crude oil prices within a minimum price range of about 87 - 145 USD/barrel (20 – 26 USD/MBtu of LNG production cost) and the proposed RE-diesel is competitive with conventional diesel in the European Union (EU) for crude oil prices within a minimum price range of about 79 - 135 USD/barrel (0.44 – 0.75 €/l of diesel production cost), depending on the chosen specific value chain and assumptions for cost of capital, available oxygen sales and CO2 emission costs. RE-LNG or RE-diesel could become competitive with conventional fuels from an economic perspective, while removing environmental concerns. The RE-PtX value chain needs to be located at the best complementing solar and wind sites in the world combined with a de-risking strategy. This could be an opportunity for many countries to satisfy their fuel demand locally. It is also a specific business case for countries with excellent solar and wind resources to export carbon-neutral hydrocarbons, when the decrease in production cost is considerably more than the shipping cost. This is a unique opportunity to export carbon-neutral hydrocarbons around the world where the environmental limitations on conventional hydrocarbons are getting tighter.

RF disturbances produced by high-power photovoltaic solar plants

In this thesis, analysis of electromagnetic compatibility of high-power photovoltaic solar plant is made. Current standards suitable for photovoltaic applications are given. Measurements of antenna factor for experimental setup are shown. Also, measurements of common mode disturbance voltages in high-power solar plant are given. Importance of DC-side filter is shown. In the last part of the work, electromagnetic simulations are made. These simulations show influence of several factors to EMC of power plant. Based on these simulations and measurements recommendations are given.

Puolustusvoimien johtamisrakenteen ja logistiikkastrategian yhteydet

Tämä esiupseerikurssin opinnäytetyö tarkastelee puolustusvoimien johtamisrakenteen ja logistiikkastrategian yhteyttä. Tutkimuksellisen tarkastelun painopisteenä on puolustusvoimien logistiikkastrategia -normilla (PV LOGSTRA) logistiikkajärjestelmän toiminnalle annettu hallinnollinen ja toiminnallinen ohjaus. Tutkimukselle asetetut päätutkimuskysymykset ovat: Miten strategista johtamista tulisi puolustusvoimien johtamisrakenteessa käyttää ja soveltaa logistiikkastrategian edellyttämissä toiminnoissa? Mikä on logistiikkastrategia -normin (PV LOGSTRA) merkitys ja asema puolustusvoimien logistiikan ja huollon johtamisessa? Tutkimuksessa ilmeni, että strategisen johtamisen välineenä logistiikkastrategian asema puolustusvoimien strategiaprosessissa ja johtamisrakenteessa on nykyisellään osittain epäselvä tai jopa kyseenalainen. Logistiikkastrategian normijuridinen asema ja velvoittavuusaste ei sotilaskäskyksi laadittuna normina täysin korreloi sen tekstisisällön antaman strategisen ohjauksen kanssa. Erityisesti kumppanuustoiminnan edellyttämän informaationvaihdon ja yhteisten toimintatapojen varmistamiseksi on logistiikkastrategian antamia strategisen johtamisen periaatteita jatkossa selkeytettävä ja yksinkertaistettava. Tämän tutkimuksen perusteella tarve uudistaa puolustusvoimien strategisen suunnittelun ja ohjauksen toimintatapoja on ilmeinen. Logistiikkastrategian osalta tärkeimpinä kehittämiskohteina ovat logistiikan strategisten linjausten jalkauttaminen konkreettisiksi toiminnoiksi, tuotteiksi ja tehtäviksi nykyisen formaalin ja yleisluonteisen normiohjauksen sijaan.

Aurinkovoimalan liittäminen mikroverkkojärjestelmään

Tässä kandidaatintyössä on tavoitteena tarkastella aurinkovoiman hyödyntämistä sähköntuotannossa ja tutkimuskäytössä osana Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston Green Campus järjestelmää. Työn sisältöön kuuluu mikroverkko- ja aurinkovoimalajärjestelmän tarkastelu sekä lyhyt katsaus PV-aurinkovoimalatekniikan soveltuvuuteen Suomen olosuhteissa. Tämän työn pääpaino on aurinkovoimalan liittämisen mikroverkkojärjestelmään, sekä siihen sisältyvien haasteiden ja niiden ratkaisujen käsittelyssä. Työn aluksi esitellään PV-aurinkovoimalan toimintaperiaate ja järjestelmään kuuluvat osat. Sitä seuraa mikroverkkojärjestelmän tarkastelu yleisellä tasolla, jota seuraa käsittely aurinkovoimalan liittämisestä Green Campuksen sähköjärjestelmään. Työn päätteeksi tultiin tulokseen, että pieni- ja keskikokoiset aurinkovoimalat soveltuvat erinomaisesti tutkimuskäyttöön sekä tavalliseen asuinrakentamisen yhteyteen. Nykypäivänä aurinkovoimalajärjestelmillä on erittäin laajat soveltamisen mahdollisuudet ja käyttöönotto on suhteellisen vaivatonta, sillä voimalan tarvitsemat komponentit tarjoavat jo itsessään suuren osan huomioitavista näkökulmista. Esimerkiksi laitteiden suojaus on pääosin turvattu jo laitestandardeissa ja laitteiden ominaisuuksia laajennetaan yhä monipuolisempiin tarkoituksiin, kuten mikroverkko- ja saarekekäyttöihin. Tällainen suunnittelu mahdollistaa helposti lähestyttävän perusteen harkita aurinkovoimaloiden käyttöönottoa.

Turvallinen Suomi : tietoja Suomen kokonaisturvallisuudesta

Tässä julkaisussa kuvataan kansalaisten kokonaisturvallisuuteen vaikuttavia avaintekijöitä. Kokonaisturvallisuus -ajattelun lähtökohtana on pitää huolta jokaisen Suomen kansalaisen hyvinvoinnista ja turvallisuudesta. Tämän saavuttaminen on mahdollista turvaamalla yhteiskunnan elintärkeät toiminnot kaikissa olosuhteissa. Julkaisu on tarkoitettu palvelemaan kattavasti mahdollisimman useita kokonaisturvallisuudesta kiinnostuneita: maanpuolustuskurssilaisia, opiskelijoita, tutkijoita ja alan harrastajia. Samalla sen on tarkoitus antaa turvallisuustietoa kaikille kansalaisille. Turvallinen Suomi – Tietoja Suomen kokonaisturvallisuudesta -julkaisu löytyy kokonaisuudessaan internetistä osoitteesta www.PV.fi/kokonaisturvallisuus. Verkkojulkaisua päivitetään jatkuvasti ja sitä hyödynnetään eri alojen turvallisuuskoulutuksessa. Päivitetty artikkelikokoelma uudistaa edellisen, vuonna 2011 julkaistun Tietoja Suomen kokonaisturvallisuudesta -kirjan, joka osaltaan korvasi vuonna 2006 julkaistun Tietoja Suomen kokonaismaanpuolustuksesta teoksen. Näin pidetään yllä kokonaisturvallisuuden jo käsitteeksi muodostunutta ”avainkirjojen” vuosikymmenien jatkumoa. Tarpeen jatkuvalle uusimiselle luo yhteiskunnan nopea muutos. Julkaisun nimen lisäksi rakennetta ja sisältöä tarkennetaan tarpeen mukaan. Julkaisu ohjaa ajatteluamme valtion johdon ja päättäjien määrittämien linjausten mukaisesti. Verkkojulkaisu ja siihen perustuva tiivistelmäkokoelma noudattelevat kokonaisturvallisuutta ohjaavien linjausten – kuten Suomen turvallisuus- ja puolustuspolitiikka 2009 ja Yhteiskunnan turvallisuusstrategia 2010 (YTS) – ajattelua. Elinkeinoelämän merkityksen lisääntyminen elintärkeiden toimintojen takaajana tuo turvallisuusajatteluumme uuden ulottuvuuden. Huoltovarmuuden mahdollistavien yritysten määrän lähentyessä 2000:ta ja kansainvälisen riippuvuuden lisääntyessä on vaikutukset osattava huomioida. Tosiasia on, että elinkeinoelämän on kyettävä tuottamaan tarvittavat palvelut myös kokonaisturvallisuutemme järkkyessä. Turvallinen Suomi – Tietoja Suomen kokonaisturvallisuudesta kattaa kokonaisturvallisuuden kaikki osa-alueet. Sen artikkelit syventävät eri alojen haasteita ja ratkaisuja valtioneuvoston periaatepäätöksen, Yhteiskunnan turvallisuusstrategian määrittämiin linjauksiin. Tiivistelmä ohjaa lukijan verkkojulkaisuun ja siitä edelleen vielä syvemmälle tietoon linkkien avulla.

Blackcurrant seed oil for prevention of atopic dermatitis

One hypothesis for the increased incidence of atopic diseases has been that it is associated with changing dietary habits, especially the changed intake of essential fatty acids (EFAs). The metabolism of EFAs produces eiconasoids, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are essential to organs and play a major role in regulation of inflammation and immune response. In some studies persons with atopic dermatitis have been found to have reduced levels of EFAs. The first year of infancy as well as the foetal period are crucial for the development of atopic immune response. The composition of blackcurrant seed oil (BCSO) corresponds to the recommended ratio of EFAs n-3 and n-6 in the diet (1/3-1/4) and as a dietary supplement could, even in small doses, modify the unbalance of EFAs in an efficient way. The purpose of this study was to find out whether atopic allergies can be prevented by supplementing the diet of pregnant mothers with blackcurrant seed oil and whether it could affect the immunological balance of a child. We also sought to find out whether a blackcurrant seed oil supplementation can affect the composition of breast milk to suppress the T helper 2 lymphocyte (Th2) responses in infants. 313 pregnant mothers were randomly assigned to receive BCSO (n=151) or olive oil as placebo (n=162). Supplementation was started at the 8th to 16th weeks of pregnancy, 6 capsules per day (dose of 3 g), and continued until the cessation of breastfeeding. It was thereafter followed by direct supplementation to infants of 1 ml (1 g) of oil per day until the age of two years. Atopic dermatitis and its severity (SCORAD index) were evaluated, serum total IgE was measured and skin prick tests were performed at the age of 3, 12 and 24 months. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples were taken at the age of 3 and 12 months and breast milk samples were collected during the first 3 months of breastfeeding. Parental atopy was common (81.7%) in the studied infants, making them infants with increased atopy risk. There was a significantly lower prevalence of atopic dermatitis in the BCSO group (33%) than in the olive oil group (47%) at the age of 12 months. Also, SCORAD was lower in the BCSO group than in the olive oil group. Dietary intervention with BCSO had immunomodulatory effects on breast milk, inducing cytokine production from Th2 to Th1 immunodeviation. It decreased the level of IL-4 and elevated the level of IFN-γ. BCSO intervention did not affect cytokines in the children’s PBMC. However, children of smoking parents in the combined BCSO and olive oil group had significantly elevated levels of Th2 type cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and the proinflammator cytokine TNF. Dietary supplementation with BCSO is safe. It is well tolerated and transiently reduces the prevalence of atopic dermatitis at the age of 12 months. It can possibly become a potential tool in prevention of atopic symptoms when used at the early stages of life.

Minimizing Circulating Current in Parallel-Connected Photovoltaic Inverters

Parallel-connected photovoltaic inverters are required in large solar plants where it is not economically or technically reasonable to use a single inverter. Currently, parallel inverters require individual isolating transformers to cut the path for the circulating current. In this doctoral dissertation, the problem is approached by attempting to minimize the generated circulating current. The circulating current is a function of the generated common-mode voltages of the parallel inverters and can be minimized by synchronizing the inverters. The synchronization has previously been achieved by a communication link. However, in photovoltaic systems the inverters may be located far apart from each other. Thus, a control free of communication is desired. It is shown in this doctoral dissertation that the circulating current can also be obtained by a common-mode voltage measurement. A control method based on a short-time switching frequency transition is developed and tested with an actual photovoltaic environment of two parallel inverters connected to two 5 kW solar arrays. Controls based on the measurement of the circulating current and the common-mode voltage are generated and tested. A communication-free method of controlling the circulating current between parallelconnected inverters is developed and verified.

Analyzing the Effects of the New Renewable Energy Policy in Russia on Investments into Wind, Solar and Small Hydro Power

This thesis presents an analysis of recently enacted Russian renewable energy policy based on capacity mechanism. Considering its novelty and poor coverage by academic literature, the aim of the thesis is to analyze capacity mechanism influence on investors’ decision-making process. The current research introduces a number of approaches to investment analysis. Firstly, classical financial model was built with Microsoft Excel® and crisp efficiency indicators such as net present value were determined. Secondly, sensitivity analysis was performed to understand different factors influence on project profitability. Thirdly, Datar-Mathews method was applied that by means of Monte Carlo simulation realized with Matlab Simulink®, disclosed all possible outcomes of investment project and enabled real option thinking. Fourthly, previous analysis was duplicated by fuzzy pay-off method with Microsoft Excel®. Finally, decision-making process under capacity mechanism was illustrated with decision tree. Capacity remuneration paid within 15 years is calculated individually for each RE project as variable annuity that guarantees a particular return on investment adjusted on changes in national interest rates. Analysis results indicate that capacity mechanism creates a real option to invest in renewable energy project by ensuring project profitability regardless of market conditions if project-internal factors are managed properly. The latter includes keeping capital expenditures within set limits, production performance higher than 75% of target indicators, and fulfilling localization requirement, implying producing equipment and services within the country. Occurrence of real option shapes decision-making process in the following way. Initially, investor should define appropriate location for a planned power plant where high production performance can be achieved, and lock in this location in case of competition. After, investor should wait until capital cost limit and localization requirement can be met, after that decision to invest can be made without any risk to project profitability. With respect to technology kind, investment into solar PV power plant is more attractive than into wind or small hydro power, since it has higher weighted net present value and lower standard deviation. However, it does not change decision-making strategy that remains the same for each technology type. Fuzzy pay-method proved its ability to disclose the same patterns of information as Monte Carlo simulation. Being effective in investment analysis under uncertainty and easy in use, it can be recommended as sufficient analytical tool to investors and researchers. Apart from described results, this thesis contributes to the academic literature by detailed description of capacity price calculation for renewable energy that was not available in English before. With respect to methodology novelty, such advanced approaches as Datar-Mathews method and fuzzy pay-off method are applied on the top of investment profitability model that incorporates capacity remuneration calculation as well. Comparison of effects of two different RE supporting schemes, namely Russian capacity mechanism and feed-in premium, contributes to policy comparative studies and exhibits useful inferences for researchers and policymakers. Limitations of this research are simplification of assumptions to country-average level that restricts our ability to analyze renewable energy investment region wise and existing limitation of the studying policy to the wholesale power market that leaves retail markets and remote areas without our attention, taking away medium and small investment into renewable energy from the research focus. Elimination of these limitations would allow creating the full picture of Russian renewable energy investment profile.

Electrical Safety of Island Operated Low Voltage DC Network

Today, renewable energy technologies and modern power electronics have made it feasible to implement low voltage direct current (LVDC) microgrids (MGs) ca-pable to island operation. Such LVDC networks are particularly useful in remote areas. However, there are still pending issues in island operated LVDC MGs like electrical safety and controlled operation, which should be addressed before wide-scale implementation. This thesis is focused on the overall protection of an island operated LVDC network concept, including protection against electrical shocks, mains equipment protection and protection of photovoltaic (PV) power sources and battery energy storage systems (BESSs). The topic is approached through ex-amination of the safety hazards and the appropriate methods to protect against them, comprising considerations for earthing system selection and realisation of the protection system.