Development of a Filter Aid Proportioning, Mixing, and Feeding System for a Polishing Filter

The purpose of this work was to study the characteristics of the most commonly used filter aid materials and their influences on the design of proportioning, mixing, and feeding system for polishing filter family. Based on the literature survey and hands-on experience a system was designed with defined equipment and capital and operating costs. The system was designed to serve precoating and bodyfeeding applications and is easily extended to be used in multiple filter processes. Also a test procedure was carried out where influences of flux and filter cloths to accumulated cake were studied. Filter aid is needed in challenging conditions to improve filtration efficiency and cleaning, and thus extend the operating life of the filter media. Filter aid preparation and feeding system was designed for the use of two different filter aids; precoat and bodyfeed. Precoating is used before the filtration step initiates. If the solids in the filterable solution have a tendency to clog the filter bag easily, precoat is used on the filter bag to obtain better filtration efficiency and quality. Diatomite or perlite is usually used as a precoating substance. The intention is to create a uniform cake to the overall surface of the filter cloth, with predetermined thickness, 2 – 5 mm. This ensures that the clogging of the filter cloth is reduced and the filtration efficiency is increased. Bodyfeed is used if the solids in the filterable solution have a tendency to form a sticky impermeable filter cake. The cake properties are enhanced by maintaining the permeability of the accumulating cake by using the filter aid substance as bodyfeed during the filtration process.

Conversioni al cattolicesimo a Roma tra Sei e Settecento. La presenza degli scandinavi nell’Ospizio dei Convertendi.

In my PhD dissertation, I have examined a group of people of Scandinavian origin received by Ospizio dei Convertendi. This group has been hitherto largely unknown to historical research. The Ospizio was an institute founded by the Oratorian Congregation in Rome in 1673 to provide religious instruction and material aid to both recent and aspirant converts to Roman Catholicism. My research traces the profile of converts and a typology of motives, examining different factors which influenced the conversion process. I show that the key factors were often of a social rather than a religious nature. Moreover, I have analyzed the hospice in the context of Counter-Reformation charity as well. In terms of numbers, the Scandinavians formed a somewhat marginal yet not insignificant group within the Roman hospice. Out of a total of 2203 guests received between 1673 and 1706, 4.6 % were Scandinavians: 74 Swedes (including Finland and Livonia) and 27 Danes (including Norway). They came from a rigorously Protestant region which reacted to Catholicism with severe legislative measures. Converts to Catholicism risked confiscation of their goods, expulsion or even capital punishment. Since both Sweden and Denmark were practically impenetrable to Catholicism at the time and clandestine missionary attempts often failed before they had even properly started, the Roman Catholic Church shifted its interest towards Northerners arriving in Rome, a preferred destination for young noblemen, artists and migrant craftsmen. The material related to Ospizio dei Convertendi, conserved in the Vatican archives, is a scarcely known yet unusually rich source, not only for the religious history of our continent, but also for social history and the study of migration in early modern Europe. It contains a wealth of information about members of the subordinate classes, of their travels and lives in Europe. The profile delineated in these documents is of individuals who had a wide range of different professions and different aspirations. These documents encompass a vast social spectrum that was highly mobile on a continent which by that time had become pluriconfessional. Therefore, these migrants faced the complex religious reality in their everyday life. The principal corpus of my research consists of two types of manuscript sources created for administrative and in a way also for apologetic purposes of the Roman Catholic Church. My starting point is the Primo registro generale of Ospizio dei Convertendi. This is a volume in which the following information about each guest was registered: name, nationality, city of origin, age, sex, profession, confession professed before converting, date of arrival, departure, abjuration and baptism. Typically, the convert was male, originating from Stockholm or Copenhagen, from 21 to 30 years of age. The biggest occupational groups in descending order were soldiers, noblemen, craftsmen and sailors. Thus the data reflects a multiform reality of interurban and long distance migration, ideals regarding the education of young noblemen and gentry as well as the need of European armies to hire foreign mercenaries in their various campaigns. Against this background the almost total absence of women is hardly surprising: there is only one woman in the material I have studied. The second main source, Nota degl’ospiti ricevuti e spese fatte per essi, sheds more light on the choices of the converts, their motivations and their lives outside Scandinavia before reaching Rome. This narrative material permits an analysis which completes but also goes far beyond the columns of the Institute’s general register. This material consists of reports written by Catholic priests based on an interview conducted upon each guest’s arrival. The material frequently includes information on what the converts would do following their departure from the Institute as well. These sources have a specific narrative form and contain short biographies, list reasons for converting and information about the journey from the North to the Mediterranean - a journey which in many cases took several years. Moreover, they show that certain unorthodox practices such as calling on the saints and pleading for help from them were not uncommon in the Protestant popular religion. The recording of information on conversions from Protestantism to Catholicism reflects both religious and social interest on the part of the receiving institute. The information obtained was used for the purposes of religious teaching, for finding adequate ways of inserting the convert into Italian society so that he could earn a living, and to find effective methods to convert others with a similar cultural and geographical background. The stories recorded were based on interviews with the newly-arrived, information obtained from a travel companion or fellow countrymen, or from written documents the aspirant converts carried with them. These sources illustrate, although sometimes in rather simplified ways, the circumstances and motivations which were relevant to the choice of changing one’s confession. In addition, I have examined petitions addressed to the hospice and other Roman authorities in order to get financial aid. These petitions were written by Italian scrittori, and they contain certain conventions and topoi of presenting the conversion with the purpose of improving the chances of obtaining financial aid. It is through these filters, which may seem initially almost invisible, that the remote voice of the converts reaches us. The results of the analysis are particularly interesting because they disagree with some of the principal conclusions of previous work on the subject. First, earlier research has focused almost exclusively on the conversions of noblemen, and has argued, second, that the Queen Christina of Sweden was the driving force behind their change of confession. The sources examined for this dissertation present a profile of long-distance migrants, many of them members of the subordinate classes, who were looking for ways to make their living in Europe. These people had in many cases left their country of origin several years earlier and not for religious reasons, so, crucially, we are not dealing with confessional migration in these cases. Rather, conversion was a complex process, intricately tied up with strategies of survival, integration and upward social mobility. At the same time, while these components are significant on their own right, they do not necessarily point to the absence of motivations of a more clearly religious nature.

Kirja-arvostelu, joka ei tiedä nimeään

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Tiedä suomeksi

Teemanumero: Lukivaikeus.

On the effects of new forms of foreign aid

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”En mä tiedä voiko se olla mitään muuta kun se että jokainen meistä tekee työnsä mahdollisimman hyvin” : päälliköiden ja varapäälliköiden käsityksiä perusyksikön maineenhallinnasta

Maine ja maineenhallinta ovat esiintyneet viimeaikoina usein liikkeenjohdollisen tutkimuksen viitekehyksessä keskeisinä strategisina tekijöinä menestyksen ja onnistuneen liiketoiminnan kannalta. Myös muissa organisaatioissa, kuten puolustusvoimissa, on havaittavissa lisääntyvää kiinnostusta tarkastella ja pyrkiä hallitsemaan mainetta. Tässä tutkimuksessa puolustusvoimien maineenhallintaa pyrittiin tarkastelemaan käytännön tasolla koulutusta antavan perusyksikön viitekehyksessä. Perusyksikön katsottiin varusmieskoulutusta antavana organisaation osana olevan keskeisessä asemassa puolustusvoimien maineen muodostumisen kannalta. Lisäksi perusyksikköön kuuluu palkattua henkilökuntaa, mikä lisää sen monipuolisuutta tutkimuskohteena. Perusyksikön maineenhallintaa selvitettiin tässä tutkimuksessa perusyksiköiden päälliköiden ja varapäälliköiden käsitysten kautta. Tutkimus on kvalitatiivinen ja sijoittuu kehykseltään kokemustutkimuksen piiriin. Tutkimusmenetelmänä käytettiin fenomenografiaa. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluin. Tutkimuksessa perehdyttiin aluksi maineen ja maineenhallinnan tutkimukseen ja valittiin teoreettinen näkökulma, jonka perusteella muodostettiin esiymmärrys aiheesta. Teemahaastattelun runko pohjautui tähän teoreettiseen näkökulmaan ja esiymmärrykseen. Haastatteluaineisto analysoitiin tämän jälkeen fenomenografisen menetelmän mukaisesti. Menetelmän avulla perusyksikön maineenhallinnan kannalta keskeisiin aihealueisiin liittyvien käsitysten perusteella pyrittiin esittämään kokonaisuus siitä, minkälaisena ilmiönä perusyksikön maineenhallinta päälliköille ja varapäälliköille näyttäytyy. Tulosten perusteella voidaan esittää, että perusyksikön maineenhallinta on keskittynyt voimakkaasti varusmieskoulutuksen ympärille. Omaa henkilökuntaa ei nähty maineenhallinnan kannalta kovinkaan keskeisenä sidosryhmänä. Käytännön keinoista maineenhallinta pohjaa perusyksikössä voimakkaasti tekoihin, joiden koetaan viestivän puolestaan. Viestinnällä ei koeta olevan perusyksikössä kovinkaan suurta roolia. Keskeisenä sidosryhmänä maineen kannalta ovat varusmiehet, joiden varusmiesaikaisten kokemusten koetaan määrittävän vahvasti puolustusvoimien mainetta. Varusmiesten myös koetaan vaikuttavan läheistensä ja sitä kautta koko yhteiskunnan käsityksiin puolustusvoimista. Varusmiehille mainetta pyritään hallitsemaan ensisijaisesti pyrkimällä tekemään heidän palveluksestaan mahdollisimman mielekäs. Maineenhallinnaksi nähtiin myös perusyksikön varusmiesten ja henkilökunnan asiallinen esiintyminen ja hyvä käyttäytyminen yksikön ulkopuolella. Maineenhallinta yleisenä käsitteenä ei ole päälliköille ja varapäälliköille tuttu, kuitenkin se yhdistetään monesti lopulta viestintään.