Suomen esihistoria Museoviraston ja maakuntamuseoiden WWW-sivuilla : informaatiosta elämyksiin

Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkitaan, millaisia keinoja Suomen esihistoriaa käsittelevillä virallisilla Internet-sivuilla on käytetty aiheen houkuttelevaksi ja kiehtovaksi tekemiseen sekä ehdotetaan keinoja, joilla houkuttelevuutta ja kiehtovuutta voisi edesauttaa. Tutkimuksen innoittajana on näkemys, jonka mukaan suomalaisten keskimäärin pitäisi tuntea esihistoriansa ja muinaisjäännöksiä suojelevat säädökset nykyistä paremmin. Internet olisi luonteva väylä yleisen tietämyksen lisäämiseen näistä aiheista. Tutkimuksessa käytetyt kriteerit pohjautuvat käytettävyyttä ja esteettömyyttä, edutaimentia sekä elämyksellisyyttä koskevaan teoriatietoon samoin kuin pienimuotoisen, vastaajien Internet-sivuja koskevia mieltymyksiä kartoittaneen kyselyn tuloksiin. Työn alussa määritellään siinä esiintyvät termit ja käytetyt tutkimuskriteerit. Sen jälkeen tutkitaan näiden kriteerien mukaan Museoviraston ja maakuntamuseoiden esihistoria-aiheiset www-sivut. Lopuksi esitetään yhteenveto tutkimuksen tuloksista sekä ideoita siitä, miten esihistoriasta kertovista verkkototeutuksista saataisiin houkuttelevampia, kiehtovampia ja elämyksellisempiä. Tutkimus osoitti, että Museoviraston ja maakuntamuseoiden WWW-sivuilla on paljon kehittämisen varaa, vaikka ne peruskäytettävyydeltään ovat pääosin mainioita. Havainnollistusta, orientointia ja muita kiehtovuutta lisääviä keinoja käyttäen niistä olisi kuitenkin mahdollista saada huomattavasti nykyistä houkuttelevampia, viihdyttävämpiä ja elämyksellisempiä.

Tietokonevirusten genealogiaa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Tietokonevirusten mediaekologiaa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Digitaalisia tartuntoja : liikettä ja elämää verkossa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Etana, etana näytä sarves, tuleeko huomenna pouta?

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Myöhäiskeskiajan arkeologian yleisesitys

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Yli syntymän ja kuoleman rajojen : miten keskiajan ihmisen elämä muodostui?

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Marks of Fire, Value and Faith. Swords with Ferrous Inlays in Finland during the Late Iron Age (ca. 700–1200 AD)

This study explores swords with ferrous inlays found in Finland and dating from the late Iron Age, ca. 700–1200 AD. These swords reflect profound changes not only in styles and fashion but also in the technology of hilts and blades. This study explores how many of these kinds of swords are known from Finland, how they were made and where, what their status was in Late Iron Age Finland, and where the Finnish finds stand in accordance with other areas of Europe. The various methods included measuring of the finds and statistics. The main method of revealing the inlaid marks was radiography due to its non-destructive nature. In cases where inlays were visible without radiography, their details were inspected via microscopy. To study the materials and manufacture of inlaid swords, a sample of them was metallographically analysed to determine the forging technologies and nature of used materials. Furthermore, the manufacture was also studied with experimental approaches. As a result, a catalogue of 151 swords with ferrous inlays was created. This number is relatively high compared with other European countries, although systematic studies have been conducted in only some countries. The inlaid motifs were classified into five distinct categories to help the classification. To summarize, almost every documented inlaid sword was unique in some respect including measurements, inlaid motifs and materials of blades and inlays. Technological variation was also present, some blades being poorer and some of higher quality in spite of the inlaid motifs. Misspelt inscriptions as well as letter-like marks were common in Finland and also in Scandinavia. Furthermore, the provenance of iron and steel used in some blades hints at Scandinavian ores. The above observations, along with the experimental results indicating the existence of multiple alternative techniques of inlaying, suggest that these swords were manufactured locally in Scandinavia, most likely in imitation of Continental European models. Inlaid swords were valued partly for their assumed functionality in combat, as evidenced by damage on some examined blades, or they were valued for their inlays, which could have had fashionable or symbolical meanings bound to local beliefs.

Macro- and Microevolution of Languages: Exploring Linguistic Divergence with Approaches from Evolutionary Biology

There are more than 7000 languages in the world, and many of these have emerged through linguistic divergence. While questions related to the drivers of linguistic diversity have been studied before, including studies with quantitative methods, there is no consensus as to which factors drive linguistic divergence, and how. In the thesis, I have studied linguistic divergence with a multidisciplinary approach, applying the framework and quantitative methods of evolutionary biology to language data. With quantitative methods, large datasets may be analyzed objectively, while approaches from evolutionary biology make it possible to revisit old questions (related to, for example, the shape of the phylogeny) with new methods, and adopt novel perspectives to pose novel questions. My chief focus was on the effects exerted on the speakers of a language by environmental and cultural factors. My approach was thus an ecological one, in the sense that I was interested in how the local environment affects humans and whether this human-environment connection plays a possible role in the divergence process. I studied this question in relation to the Uralic language family and to the dialects of Finnish, thus covering two different levels of divergence. However, as the Uralic languages have not previously been studied using quantitative phylogenetic methods, nor have population genetic methods been previously applied to any dialect data, I first evaluated the applicability of these biological methods to language data. I found the biological methodology to be applicable to language data, as my results were rather similar to traditional views as to both the shape of the Uralic phylogeny and the division of Finnish dialects. I also found environmental conditions, or changes in them, to be plausible inducers of linguistic divergence: whether in the first steps in the divergence process, i.e. dialect divergence, or on a large scale with the entire language family. My findings concerning Finnish dialects led me to conclude that the functional connection between linguistic divergence and environmental conditions may arise through human cultural adaptation to varying environmental conditions. This is also one possible explanation on the scale of the Uralic language family as a whole. The results of the thesis bring insights on several different issues in both a local and a global context. First, they shed light on the emergence of the Finnish dialects. If the approach used in the thesis is applied to the dialects of other languages, broader generalizations may be drawn as to the inducers of linguistic divergence. This again brings us closer to understanding the global patterns of linguistic diversity. Secondly, the quantitative phylogeny of the Uralic languages, with estimated times of language divergences, yields another hypothesis as to the shape and age of the language family tree. In addition, the Uralic languages can now be added to the growing list of language families studied with quantitative methods. This will allow broader inferences as to global patterns of language evolution, and more language families can be included in constructing the tree of the world’s languages. Studying history through language, however, is only one way to illuminate the human past. Therefore, thirdly, the findings of the thesis, when combined with studies of other language families, and those for example in genetics and archaeology, bring us again closer to an understanding of human history.