5 resultados para SMR

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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Many cognitive deficits after TBI (traumatic brain injury) are well known, such as memory and concentration problems, as well as reduced information-processing speed. What happens to patients and cognitive functioning after immediate recovery is poorly known. Cognitive functioning is flexible and may be influenced by genetic, psychological and environmental factors decades after TBI. The general aim of this thesis was to describe the long-term cognitive course after TBI, to find variables that may contribute to it, and how the cognitive functions after TBI are associated with specific medical factors and reduced survival. The original study group consisted of 192 patients with TBI who were originally assessed with the Mild Deterioration Battery (MDB) on average two years after the injury, during the years 1966 – 1972. During a 30-year follow-up, we studied the risks for reduced survival, and the mortality of the patients was compared with the general population using the Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR). Sixty-one patients were re-assessed during 1998-2000. These patients were evaluated with the MDB, computerized testing, and with various other neuropsychological methods for attention and executive functions. Apolipoprotein-E (ApoE) genotyping and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on volumetric analysis of the hippocampus and lateral ventricles were performed. Depressive symptoms were evaluated with the short form of the Beck depression inventory. The cognitive performance at follow-up was compared with a control group that was similar to the study group in regard to age and education. The cognitive outcome of the patients with TBI varied after three decades. The majority of the patients showed a decline in their cognitive level, the rest either improved or stayed at the same level. Male gender and higher age at injury were significant risk factors for the decline. Whereas most cognitive domains declined during the follow-up, semantic memory behaved in the opposite way, showing recovery after TBI. In the follow-up assessment, the memory decline and impairments in the set-shifting domain of executive functions were associated with MRI-volumetric measures, whereas reduction in information-processing speed was not associated with the MRI measures. The presence of local contusions was only weakly associated with cognitive functions. Only few cognitive methods for attention were capable of discriminating TBI patients with and without depressive symptoms. On the other hand, most complex attentional tests were sensitive enough to discriminate TBI patients (non-depressive) from controls. This means that complex attention functions, mediated by the frontal lobes, are relatively independent of depressive symptoms post-TBI. The presence of ApoE4 was associated with different kinds of memory processes including verbal and visual episodic memory, semantic memory and verbal working memory, depending on the length of time since TBI. Many other cognitive processes were not affected by the presence of ApoE4. Age at injury and poor vocational outcome were independent risk factors for reduced survival in the multivariate analysis. Late mortality was higher among younger subjects (age < 40 years at death) compared with the general population which should be borne in mind when assessing the need for rehabilitation services and long-term follow-up after TBI.

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Recently, Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) have attracted increased public discussion. While large nuclear power plant new build projects are facing challenges, the focus of attention is turning to small modular reactors. One particular project challenge arises in the area of nuclear licensing, which plays a significant role in new build projects affecting their quality as well as costs and schedules. This dissertation - positioned in the field of nuclear engineering but also with a significant section in the field of systems engineering - examines the nuclear licensing processes and their suitability for the characteristics of SMRs. The study investigates the licensing processes in selected countries, as well as other safety critical industry fields. Viewing the licensing processes and their separate licensing steps in terms of SMRs, the study adopts two different analysis theories for review and comparison. The primary data consists of a literature review, semi-structured interviews, and questionnaire responses concerning licensing processes and practices. The result of the study is a recommendation for a new, optimized licensing process for SMRs. The most important SMR-specific feature, in terms of licensing, is the modularity of the design. Here the modularity indicates multi-module SMR designs, which creates new challenges in the licensing process. As this study focuses on Finland, the main features of the new licensing process are adapted to the current Finnish licensing process, aiming to achieve the main benefits with minimal modifications to the current process. The application of the new licensing process is developed using Systems Engineering, Requirements Management, and Project Management practices and tools. Nuclear licensing includes a large amount of data and documentation which needs to be managed in a suitable manner throughout the new build project and then during the whole life cycle of the nuclear power plant. To enable a smooth licensing process and therefore ensure the success of the new build nuclear power plant project, management processes and practices play a significant role. This study contributes to the theoretical understanding of how licensing processes are structured and how they are put into action in practice. The findings clarify the suitability of different licensing processes and their selected licensing steps for SMR licensing. The results combine the most suitable licensing steps into a new licensing process for SMRs. The results are also extended to the concept of licensing management practices and tools.

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Tämä työ on kirjallisuusselvitys ydinvoimakäyttöisistä aluksista. Raportin tavoitteena on toimia kattavana tietolähteenä ydinvoiman käytöstä laivoissa ja muissa pinta-aluksissa. Työn tarkoituksena on toimia myös kompaktina lähdetietokantana lukijalle, joka haluaa perehtyä johonkin laivareaktoreiden osa-alueeseen syvällisemmin. Työn tärkein tuotos on liitteenä oleva laivareaktoritietokanta sekä siihen liittyvä lähdeluettelo. Kattavaa ja ajankohtaista tietolähdettä ydinkäyttöisistä aluksista ei ole ollut lainkaan saatavilla. Laivareaktoreihin liittyvä tieto on ollut hyvin pirstoutunutta, joten tällaiselle kokoavalle tutkimukselle on ollut kysyntää. Liitteenä oleva luettelo laivareaktoreja käyttävistä aluksista kattaa kaikki tiedossa olevat pinta-alukset. Luettelon tiedonkeruu on toteutettu pitkälti verkosta saatavien dokumenttien pohjalta. Olennaisimmat tiedot on hankittu luotettavista lähteistä ja täydentävien tietojen kohdalla on voitu nojata myös epätieteellisempiin lähteisiin kuten uutisartikkeleihin. Tämän raportin perusteella laivareaktorit ovat löytäneet korvaamattoman aseman sekä lentotukialusten että jäänmurtajien keskuudessa. Yhdysvallat tulee ylläpitämään lentotukialuskantaansa ja Venäjän jäänmurtajalaivasto tulee kasvamaan lähitulevaisuudessa. Yhdysvalloilla ei ole suunnitelmia lähteä rakentamaan jäänmurtajia eikä Venäjällä aikeita lentotukialuksen rakentamiseksi, mutta Venäjällä on sen sijaan suunnitelmia kelluvien sähköntuotantolaitosten rakentamiseksi. Laivareaktoreita tullaan näkemään tulevaisuudessa liikuteltavissa FNPP-laitoksissa sekä tislausasemissa ja mahdollisesti myös rahtialuksissa.Työ herätti useita jatkotutkimusideoita laivareaktoreiden parista. Hyviä jatkotutkimusaiheita olisivat esimerkiksi ydinvoimalla toimivat tislauslaitokset, SMR-reaktorit, vedenalaiset ydinvoimalat sekä laivareaktoreiden muut vaihtoehtoiset sovelluskohteet.

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Tämän opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää millaisia pieniä modulaarisia ydinvoimaloita (SMR engl. small modular reactor) on suunnitteilla ja miten pienet modulaariset kevytvesireaktorit eroavat toisen ja kolmannen sukupolven kevytvesilaitoksista. Työ tehtiin perehtymällä kirjallisuuslähteisiin ja erityisesti IAEA:n julkaisuihin ja raportteihin. SMR-laitosten suurin eroavaisuus verrattuna perinteisiin kevytvesilaitoksiin on lisääntynyt passiivinen turvallisuus. Ne voidaan suunnitella siten, ettei sähköä tai operaattoria tarvita reaktorin turvallisuuden varmistamiseksi. Lisäksi useissa SMR-reaktoreissa primääripiiri on integroitu painesäiliön sisään, mikä aiheuttaa uudenlaisia vaatimuksia reaktorisydämelle ja höyrystimille. Pienten modulaaristen voimaloiden etuina on niiden soveltuvuus pieniin sähköverkkoihin ja vaikeasti tavoitettavien alueiden energiantuotantoon. Sähköntuotannon lisäksi niitä voidaan käyttää myös lämmöntuotantoon, mikä parantaa laitosten kokonaishyötysuhdetta merkittävästi. Lisäksi SMR-laitosten erilainen kustannusrakenne tekee niistä houkuttelevan vaihtoehdon suurille ydinvoimalaitoksille, sillä pienemmät investointikustannukset alentavat sijoittajien riskejä. Lyhyemmän rakennusajan johdosta SMR-voimalat alkavat myös tuottaa voittoa suuria laitoksia nopeammalla aikataululla.