4 resultados para Rural population.
em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland
Resumo:
Food systems in Sub-Saharan Africa have been rapidly transforming during the recent decades with diverse outcomes on human development and environment. This study explores the food system change in rural villages in eastern Tanzania where subsistence agriculture has traditionally been the main source of livelihood. The focus is on the salient changes in the spatial dimensions and structural composition of the food system in the context of economic liberalization that has taken place after the end of the socialist ujamaa era in the mid-1980s. In addition, the linkages of the changes are examined in relation to food security, socio-economic situation, livelihoods, and local environment. The approach of the study is geographical, but also involves various multi-disciplinary elements, particularly from development studies. The research methods included thematic and questionnaire interviews, participatory tools, and the analysis of land use/ cover data and official documents. Several earlier studies that were made in the area during the late 1970s and 1980s provided an important reference base. The study shows that subsistence farming has lost its dominant role in food provisioning due to the declining productivity of land, livestock losses, and the increasing shift of labour to non-farm sectors. Also rapid population growth has added to the pressure on land and other natural resources. Despite the increasing need for money for buying marketed foods and other necessities, the nutritional situation shows improvement and severe malnutrition has diminished. However, the long-term sustainability of this transformation raises concerns. Firstly, the food security situation continues to be fragile and prone to shocks such as adverse climatic conditions, crop failures and price hikes. Secondly, the commodification of the food system and livelihoods in general is linked to rapid environmental degradation in the area, particularly the loss of soil fertility and deforestation. The situation calls for efforts that take more determined and holistic approaches towards sustainable development of the rural food system with particular focus on the role and viability of small-scale farming.
Resumo:
Väestön ikääntyminen pakottaa yhteiskunnan ja julkisen terveydenhuollon muutoksiin. Jotta ikääntyvien ihmisten kotona asuminen voidaan mahdollistaa, palvelujärjestelmän pitää mukautua muuttuvaan tilanteeseen. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on tunnistaa asiakaslähtöisiä lähellä asiakasta tarjottavia palvelukokonaisuuksia. Tutkimuksen teoreettinen viitekehys muodostuu asiakasarvon luomisesta ja palvelutarjoamista. Tarkasteluryhmänä on Etelä-Karjalan alueen 60–90-vuotiaat ja käytetty aineisto on kerätty vastaajilta postitse lähetetyllä kyselyllä. Tutkimus on eksploratiivinen ja tulosten tulkinnassa on hyödynnetty määrällisen tutkimuksen ja verkostoanalyysin menetelmiä. Työn keskeisimmät tulokset ovat tunnistetut asiakassegmentit ja heidän tarpeidensa pohjalta muodostetut palvelupaketit. Tulokset indikoivat asiakkaiden tarpeita ja tuloksia on analysoitu myös tuottajan näkökulmasta. Empiiristen tulosten lisäksi teoriaviitekehystä on kehitetty eteenpäin, jotta palvelukeskeiset teoriat voidaan ymmärtää yritysten näkökulman lisäksi asiakkaan näkökulmasta.
Resumo:
The inability to achieve and to maintain erection, erectile dysfunction, is a bothersome symptom of elderly men. Moreover, there is a high comorbidity between cardiovascular diseases and erectile dysfunction. However, very little is known concerning the risk factors of ED in apparently healthy men without comorbidities affecting the arteries. A cross-sectional population survey was conducted from August 2005 to September 2007 in two rural towns of Harjavalta and Kokemäki in Finland. Excluding those with previously diagnosed cardiovascular diseases, diabetes or chronic kidney disease, every community-dwelling inhabitant was invited to take part in the survey. Of the 2939 45- to 70-year-old men invited, 2049 responded. Selecting those at risk for cardiovascular diseases, 1000 eligible men were examined. According to the International Index of Erectile Function short form 57% of the studied men reported erectile dysfunction. Increasing age, smoking, depressive symptoms, decreasing pulmonary function, sedentary lifestyle, non-marital status and low education level were associated with increasing risk of erectile dysfunction. However, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia were not associated with erectile dysfunction, although these associations have been described in numerous previous studies. Moreover, erectile dysfunction was not associated with increasing risk of pre-diabetes. In apparently healthy men, increasing age, smoking, depressive symptoms, decreasing pulmonary function, sedentary lifestyle, non-marital status, low education level but not hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes or pre-diabetes were associated with increasing risk of erectile dysfunction.