Applying the principles of life cycle assessment and costing in process modeling to examine profit-making capability

Static process simulation has traditionally been used to model complex processes for various purposes. However, the use of static processsimulators for the preparation of holistic examinations aiming at improving profit-making capability requires a lot of work because the production of results requires the assessment of the applicability of detailed data which may be irrelevant to the objective. The relevant data for the total assessment gets buried byirrelevant data. Furthermore, the models do not include an examination of the maintenance or risk management, and economic examination is often an extra property added to them which can be performed with a spreadsheet program. A process model applicable to holistic economic examinations has been developed in this work. The model is based on the life cycle profit philosophy developed by Hagberg and Henriksson in 1996. The construction of the model has utilized life cycle assessment and life cycle costing methodologies with a view to developing, above all, a model which would be applicable to the economic examinations of complete wholes and which would require the need for information focusing on aspects essential to the objectives. Life cycle assessment and costing differ from each other in terms of the modeling principles, but the features of bothmethodologies can be used in the development of economic process modeling. Methods applicable to the modeling of complex processes can be examined from the viewpoint of life cycle methodologies, because they involve the collection and management of large corpuses of information and the production of information for the needs of decision-makers as well. The results of the study shows that on the basis of the principles of life cycle modeling, a process model can be created which may be used to produce holistic efficiency examinations on the profit-making capability of the production line, with fewer resources thanwith traditional methods. The calculations of the model are based to the maximum extent on the information system of the factory, which means that the accuracyof the results can be improved by developing information systems so that they can provide the best information for this kind of examinations.

Production Control Principles in Printed Wiring Board Fabrication

Työn tavoitteena oli kuvata piirilevyvalmistaja Aspocomp Oy:n Espoon tehtaan tämän hetkinen tuotannonohjausperiaate ja tunnistaa siinä esiintyvät puutteet sekä kehittää vaihtoehtoinen tuotannonohjausperiaate piirilevyvalmistukseen. Vaihtoehtoisen ohjausperiaatteen lähtökohtana oli tuotannonohjauksen sopeuttaminen vaativaan ja jatkuvasti muuttuvaan liiketoimintaympäristöön. Työn teoreettinen osa keskittyi tuotannonohjauksen eri lähestymistapoihin. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa esitetään eri tuotannonohjausperiaatteiden keskeiset sisällöt, jotka muodostavat rungon toimivalle tuotannonohjauskäytännölle. Työn kokeellinen osa keskittyi Espoon piirilevytehtaan tuotannonohjausperiaatteen selvittämiseen. Espoon piirilevytehtaan nykyisessä tuotannonohjausperiaatteessa havaittujen ongelmakohtien ja liiketoimintaympäristön vaatimusten perusteella kehitettiin vaihtoehtoinen tuotannonohjaustapa. Vaihtoehtoisen tuotannonohjaustavan päämääränä oli läpimenoajan lyhentäminen sekä tuotannon parempi hallittavuus. Vaihtoehtoinen toimintamalli tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi perustuu pullonkaulateoriaan, jossa keskeisin muutos nykyiseen toimintamalliin oli puolivalmisteiden varastointi toimitusajan lyhentämiseksi sekä tuotantovolyymin heilahdusten vaikutusten vähentämiseksi. Työn kokeellisessa osassa ilmeni, että kysynnän muutokset ja kapasiteetin suunnittelun puute aiheuttivat ongelmia piirilevytehtaan tuotannonohjauksessa.

Foodstuffs and medicines as legal categories in the EU and China. Functional foods as a borderline case

The thesis discusses the regulation of foodstuffs and medicines, and particularly the regulation of functional foods. Legal systems investigated are the EU and China. Both are members of the WTO and Codex Alimentarius, which binds European and Chinese rules together. The study uses three Chinese berries as case examples of how product development faces regulation in practice. The berries have traditional uses as herbal medicines. Europe and China have similar nutrition problems to be resolved, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The three berries might be suitable raw materials for functional foods. Consumer products with health-enhancing functions, such as lowering blood pressure, might legally be classifi ed either as foodstuffs or medicines. The classifi cation will depend on functions and presentation of the product. In our opinion, food and medicine regulation should come closer together so the classifi cation issue would no longer be an issue. Safety of both foodstuffs and medicines is strictly regulated. With medicines, safety is a more relative concept, where benefi ts of the product are compared to side-effects in thorough scientifi c tests and trials. Foods, on the other hand, are not allowed to have side-effects. Hygiene rules and rules on the use of chemicals apply. In China, food safety is currently at focus as China has had several severe food scandals. Newly developed foods are called novel foods, and are specifi cally regulated. The current European novel food regulation from 1997 treats traditional third country products as novel. The Chinese regulation of 2007 also defi nes novel foods as something unfamiliar to a Chinese consumer. The concepts of novel food thus serve a protectionist purpose. As regards marketing, foods are allowed to bear health claims, whereas medicines bear medicinal claims. The separation is legally strict: foods are not to be presented as having medicinal functions. European nutrition and health claim regulation exists since 2006. China also has its regulation on health foods, listing the permitted claims and how to substantiate them. Health claims are allowed only on health foods. The European rules on medicines include separate categories for herbal medicines, traditional herbal medicines, and homeopathic medicines, where there are differing requirements for scientifi c substantiation. The scientifi c and political grounds for the separate categories provoke criticism. At surface, the Chinese legal system seems similar to the European one. To facilitate trade, China has enacted modern laws. Laws are needed as the country moves from planned economy to market economy: ‘rule of law’ needs to replace ‘rule of man’. Instead of being citizens, Chinese people long were subordinates to the Emperor. Confucius himself advised to avoid confl ict. Still, Chinese people do not and cannot always trust the legal system, as laws are enforced in an inconsistent manner, and courts are weak. In China, there have been problems with confl icting national and local laws. In Europe, the competence of the EU vs. the competence of the Member States is still not resolved, even though the European Commission often states that free trade requires harmonisation. Food and medicine regulation is created by international organisations, food and medicine control agencies, standards agencies, companies and their organisations. Regulation can be divided in ‘hard law’ and ‘soft law’. One might claim that hard law is in crisis, as soft law is gaining importance. If law is out of fashion, regulation certainly isn’t. In the future, ‘law’ might mean a process where rules and incentives are created by states, NGOs, companies, consumers, and other stakeholders. ‘Law’ might thus refer to a constant negotiation between public and private actors. Legal principles such as transparency, equal treatment, and the right to be heard would still be important.

First principles modeling of metallic alloys and alloy surfaces

By alloying metals with other materials, one can modify the metal’s characteristics or compose an alloy which has certain desired characteristics that no pure metal has. The field is vast and complex, and phenomena that govern the behaviour of alloys are numerous. Theories cannot penetrate such complexity, and the scope of experiments is also limited. This is why the relatively new field of ab initio computational methods has much to give to this field. With these methods, one can extend the understanding given by theories, predict how some systems might behave, and be able to obtain information that is not there to see in physical experiments. This thesis pursues to contribute to the collective knowledge of this field in the light of two cases. The first part examines the oxidation of Ag/Cu, namely, the adsorption dynamics and oxygen induced segregation of the surface. Our results demonstrate that the presence of Ag on the Cu(100) surface layer strongly inhibits dissociative adsorption. Our results also confirmed that surface reconstruction does happen, as experiments predicted. Our studies indicate that 0.25 ML of oxygen is enough for Ag to diffuse towards the bulk, under the copper oxide layer. The other part elucidates the complex interplay of various energy and entropy contributions to the phase stability of paramagnetic duplex steel alloys. We were able to produce a phase stability map from first principles, and it agrees with experiments rather well. Our results also show that entropy contributions play a very important role on defining the phase stability. This is, to the author’s knowledge, the first ab initio study upon this subject.

Integrating eco-innovation principles into regional strategy and policy: case of Päijät-Häme region, Finland

This study focuses on the integration of eco-innovation principles into strategy and policy at the regional level. The importance of regions as a level for integrating eco-innovative programs and activities served as the point of interest for this study. Eco-innovative activities and technologies are seen as means to meet sustainable development objective of improving regions’ quality of life. This study is conducted to get an in-depth understanding and learning about eco-innovation at regional level, and to know the basic concepts that are important in integrating eco-innovation principles into regional policy. Other specific objectives of this study are to know how eco-innovation are developed and practiced in the regions of the EU, and to analyze the main characteristic features of an eco-innovation model that is specifically developed at Päijät-Häme Region in Finland. Paijät-Häme Region is noted for its successful eco-innovation strategies and programs, hence, taken as casework in this study. Both primary (interviews) and secondary data (publicly available documents) are utilized in this study. The study shows that eco-innovation plays an important role in regional strategy as reviewed based on the experience of other regions in the EU. This is because of its localized nature which makes it easier to facilitate in a regional setting. Since regional authorities and policy-makers are normally focused on solving its localized environmental problems, eco-innovation principles can easily be integrated into regional strategy. The case study highlights Päijät-Häme Region’s eco-innovation strategies and projects which are characterized by strong connection of knowledge-producing institutions. Policy instruments supporting eco-innovation (e.g. environmental technologies) are very much focused on clean technologies, hence, justifying the formation of cleantech clusters and business parks in Päijät-Häme Region. A newly conceptualized SAMPO model of eco-innovation has been developed in Päijät-Häme Region to better capture the region’s characteristics and to eventually replace the current model employed by the Päijät-Häme Regional Authority. The SAMPO model is still under construction, however, review of its principles points to some of its three important spearheads – practice-based innovation, design (eco-design) and clean technology or environmental technology (environment).

Siirtohinnoitteluperiaatteet johtamisen apuvälineenä: case-tutkimus

Tämä tutkimus tarkastelee siirtohinnoittelun periaatteita ja sen taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä. Tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia kohdeyrityksen nykyistä siirtohinnoittelua ja laatia sille periaatteet sen yksiköiden väliselle sisäiselle kaupalle. Tarkoituksena on kehittää siirtohinnoitteluperiaatteet, jotka auttavat johtoa liiketoiminnan eteenpäin viemisessä niin, että nuo periaatteet ovat samalla oikeudenmukaiset kohdeyrityksen eri osapuolille. Tutkimus on luonteeltaan kvalitatiivinen, teoreettinen ja kuvaileva case-tutkimus. Se tuo esille teoriaosuudessa eri siirtohinnoitteluvaihtoehtoja ja pohtii analyyttisesti niiden hyötyjä ja haittoja. Teoriaosuus perustuu kattavalle kirjallisuudelle, jonka avulla otetaan huomioon tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat siirtohinnoitteluprosessin taustalla. Tutkielman empiirinen aineisto kerättiin haastattelemalla kohdeyrityksen ylintä johtoa. Haastatteluiden rakenne oli luonteeltaan puolistrukturoitu. Lisäksi käytiin aiheeseen liittyvää keskustelua useaan otteeseen kohde-yrityksen talouspäällikön kanssa sekä tehtiin tutustumiskäynti erääseen osuuskuntaan, jossa kohdeyritys on osakkaana. Vierailu perustui osuuskunnan talouspäällikön pitämään esitykseen ja sen aikana käytyyn keskusteluun. Haastattelut tehtiin kevään 2012 aikana. Tutkimuksen perusteella siirtohinnoittelu on monimutkainen prosessi, jossa samanaikaisesti ei voida saavuttaa kaikkia siltä vaadittuja tavoitteita. Siirtohinnoitteluperiaatteita laadittaessa tulee ottaa etenkin huomioon 1) organisaation liiketoiminnan luonne 2) yksiköiden luonne, 3) vaihdettavien tuotteiden luonne, 4) erilaisten hintojen saatavuus sekä 5) suorituskyvyn mittaus ja arviointi. Tämä tutkimus suosittelee kohdeyrityksen tulos-yksiköille yleisesti mukautetun markkinaperusteisen siirtohinnoittelu-vaihtoehdon käyttöönottoa. Jalostustoimintaa vaativien tuotteiden sisäiselle kaupalle tutkimus suosittelee kustannusperusteisen vaihtoehdon noudattamista.

One process to rule them all? The role of a repository platform in the management of digitized cultural heritage at the National Library of Finland

Presentation at Open Repositories 2013, DSpace User Group, on 12.7.2013 in Charlottetown, PEI, Canada

Does speed matter? : the impact of the EU membership incentive on rule adoption in minority language rights protection

Denna avhandling tar sin utgångspunkt i ett ifrågasättande av effektiviteten i EU:s konditionalitetspolitik avseende minoritetsrättigheter. Baserat på den rationalistiska teoretiska modellen, External Incentives Model of Governance, syftar denna hypotesprövande avhandling till att förklara om tidsavståndet på det potentiella EU medlemskapet påverkar lagstiftningsnivån avseende minoritetsspråksrättigheter. Mätningen av nivån på lagstiftningen avseende minoritetsspråksrättigheter begränsas till att omfatta icke-diskriminering, användning av minoritetsspråk i officiella sammanhang samt minoriteters språkliga rättigheter i utbildningen. Metodologiskt används ett jämförande angreppssätt både avseende tidsramen för studien, som sträcker sig mellan 2003 och 2010, men även avseende urvalet av stater. På basis av det \"mest lika systemet\" kategoriseras staterna i tre grupper efter deras olika tidsavstånd från det potentiella EU medlemskapet. Hypotesen som prövas är följande: ju kortare tidsavstånd till det potentiella EU medlemskapet desto större sannolikhet att staternas lagstiftningsnivå inom de tre områden som studeras har utvecklats till en hög nivå. Studien visar att hypotesen endast bekräftas delvis. Resultaten avseende icke-diskriminering visar att sambandet mellan tidsavståndet och nivån på lagstiftningen har ökat markant under den undersökta tidsperioden. Detta samband har endast stärkts mellan kategorin av stater som ligger tidsmässigt längst bort ett potentiellt EU medlemskap och de två kategorier som ligger närmare respektive närmast ett potentiellt EU medlemskap. Resultaten avseende användning av minoritetsspråk i officiella sammanhang och minoriteters språkliga rättigheter i utbildningen visar inget respektive nästan inget samband mellan tidsavståndet och utvecklingen på lagstiftningen mellan 2003 och 2010.

Customer involvement in lean startup principles: case of game development studio

The objective of this thesis is to better understand customer’s role in lean startup methodology. The aim is to find out how customers are involved in lean startup methodology implantation and increase the likelihood of new venture survival. This study emphasizes the usage of customers in shaping of new product development processes within companies, through iteration and constant communication. This communication facilitates the development of features that are requested by the customers and enhances the prospects of the new venture. The empirical part of the study is a single qualitative case study that uses action research to implement the lean startup methodology into a pre-revenue venture and examines its customer involvement processes. The studied case company is Karaoke d.o.o., developing a game called kParty. The study used the theory discussed in the literature review: customer involvement (in the survey and interviews conducted for the lean startup methodology), lean principles (through the implementation of lean startup methodology) and lean startup methodology, which are the central building parts of this thesis as a whole. The thesis contributes to the understanding of customer involvement in lean startup methodology, while giving practical implications of customer orientation and product market fitting.

First-principles study on electronic and structural properties of Cu(In/Ga)Se alloys for solar cells

Thin-film photovoltaic solar cells based on the Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 (CIGS) alloys have attracted more and more attention due to their large optical absorption coefficient, long term stability, low cost, and high efficiency. Modern theoretical studies of this material with first-principles calculations can provide accurate description of the electronic structure and yield results in close agreement with experimental values, but takes a large amount of calculation time. In this work, we use first-principles calculations based on the computationally affordable meta- generalized gradient approximation of the density-functional theory to investigate electronic and structural properties of the CIGS alloys. We report on the simulation of the lattice parameters and band gaps, as a function of chemical composition. The obtained results were found to be in a good agreement with the available experimental data.

Kraft recovery boilers – Principles and practice

This book was created as postgraduate lecture notes for Lappeenranta University of Technology's special course of steam power plants. But as with anything ever written the ideas shown have nurtured for a long time. Parts of these chapters have appeared elsewhere as individual papers or work documents. One of the most helpful episodes have been presentations and discussions during Pohto Operator training seminars. Input from those sessions can be seen in chapter firing. You who run recovery boilers, I salute you. The purpose of this text is to give the reader an overview of recovery boiler operation. Most parts of the recovery boiler operation are common to boilers burning other fuels. The furnace operation differs significantly from operation of other boiler furnaces. Oxygen rich atmosphere is needed to burn fuel efficiently. But the main function of recovery boiler is to reduce spent cooking chemicals. Reduction reactions happen best in oxygen deficient atmosphere. This dual, conflicting nature of recovery furnace makes understanding it so challenging. To understand the processes happening in the recovery furnace one must try to understand the detailed processes that might occur and their limitations. Therefore chapters on materials, corrosion and fouling have been added.

Modelling Energy Consumption of a Switch using Fuzzy-Rule Classifier

The energy consumption of IT equipments is becoming an issue of increasing importance. In particular, network equipments such as routers and switches are major contributors to the energy consumption of internet. Therefore it is important to understand how the relationship between input parameters such as bandwidth, number of active ports, traffic-load, hibernation-mode and their impact on energy consumption of a switch. In this paper, the energy consumption of a switch is analyzed in extensive experiments. A fuzzy rule-based model of energy consumption of a switch is proposed based on the result of experiments. The model can be used to predict the energy saving when deploying new switches by controlling the parameters to achieve desired energy consumption and subsequent performance. Furthermore, the model can also be used for further researches on energy saving techniques such as energy-efficient routing protocol, dynamic link shutdown, etc.