Impacts of increased levels of wind penetration on the Electric Power System of the Åland Islands

The application of VSC-HVDC technology throughout the world has turned out to be an efficient solution regarding a large share of wind power in different power systems. This technology enhances the overall reliability of the grid by utilization of the active and reactive power control schemes which allows to maintain frequency and voltage on busbars of the end-consumers at the required level stated by the network operator. This master’s thesis is focused on the existing and planned wind farms as well as electric power system of the Åland Islands. The goal is to analyze the wind conditions of the islands and appropriately predict a possible production of the existing and planned wind farms with a help of WAsP software program. Further, to investigate the influence of increased wind power it is necessary to develop a simulation model of the electric grid and VSC-HVDC system in PSCAD and examine grid response to different wind power production cases with respect to the grid code requirements and ensure the stability of the power system.

The role of nuclear and other conventional power plants in the flexible energy system

This thesis reviews the role of nuclear and conventional power plants in the future energy system. The review is done by utilizing freely accesible publications in addition to generating load duration and ramping curves for Nordic energy system. As the aim of the future energy system is to reduce GHG-emissions and avoid further global warming, the need for flexible power generation increases with the increased share of intermittent renewables. The goal of this thesis is to offer extensive understanding of possibilities and restrictions that nuclear power and conventional power plants have regarding flexible and sustainable generation. As a conclusion, nuclear power is the only technology that is able to provide large scale GHG-free power output variations with good ramping values. Most of the currently operating plants are able to take part in load following as the requirement to do so is already required to be included in the plant design. Load duration and ramping curves produced prove that nuclear power is able to cover most of the annual generation variation and ramping needs in the Nordic energy system. From the conventional power generation methods, only biomass combustion can be considered GHG-free because biomass is considered carbon neutral. CFB combusted biomass has good load follow capabilities in good ramping and turndown ratios. All the other conventional power generation technologies generate GHG-emissions and therefore the use of these technologies should be reduced.

Scenarios for electricity power sector development in the North-West of Russia

Focus of this thesisis made on development of electricity sector of Russian North-West. The objective was to determine the most likely scenarios for development of the most critical (western) part of Interregional Power System of North-West, from where the most part of Russian electricity exports to the countries of European Union take place. For this purpose all the involved sides were analyzed: generation, transmission system and electricity consumption in different regions of Russian North-West. The analysis was performed through investigation of existing generation andtransmission capacities and plans for their development to be performed by the generation and transmission companies operating in the region. Principles of Russian electricity sector restructuring and electricity market design are also discussed as well as factors that may influence on future electricity price in the region.

Tuulivoiman verkkomääräykset Euroopassa ja Yhdysvalloissa sekä niiden kehittyminen tulevaisuudessa älykkäiden sähköverkkojen kannalta

Tuulivoimatekniikan nopea kehitys on lisännyt tuulivoimakapasiteetin määrää sähköverkoissa. Eri maiden siirtoverkko-operaattorit ovatkin julkaisseet tuulivoimaloille omat verkkomääräyksensä. Työssä tutkitaan tuulivoimaloiden tekniikkaa, eri maiden verkko-operaattoreiden asettamia verkkomääräyksiä tuulivoimalle sekä arvioidaan näiden kehitystä tulevaisuudessa. Tutkittaviksi alueiksi on valittu maita, joiden siirtoverkot ovat rakenteeltaan erilaisia ja joissa tuulivoimaloille asetetut vaatimukset sekä asennetun tuulivoimakapasiteetin määrät vaihtelevat. Verkkomääräyksiä käsitellessä on keskitytty vain tärkeimpiin teknisiin vaatimuksiin. Eri verkkomääräykset eroavat toisistaan rakenteeltaan sekä vaatimuksiltaan ja ne ovat tiukentuneet tuulivoiman osuuden kasvaessa kokonaisenergiantuotannosta. Tämä on vaikeuttanut sähköverkoissa toimivien osapuolien operointia. Verkkomääräyksien harmonisoinnille ja kehittämiselle onkin tarvetta verkon kaikkien osapuolien toimintaedellytyksien parantamiseksi. Tuulivoimaloiden sisältämän tehoelektroniikan ja älykkäiden sähköverkkojen kehityksen myötä voidaan tuulivoimalla saavuttaa myös monia etuja esimerkiksi muihin tuotantotapoihin verrattuna.

Design of marine generators for alternative diesel-electric power systems

This study compares different electric propulsion systems. Results of the analysis of all the advantages and disadvantages of the different propulsion systems are given. This thesis estimates possibilities to apply different diesel-electric propulsion concepts for different vessel types. Small and medium size vessel’s power ranges are studied. The optimal delivery system is chosen. This choice is made on the base of detailed study of the concepts, electrical equipment market and comparison of mass, volume and efficiency parameters. In this thesis three marine generators are designed. They are: salient pole synchronous generator and two permanent magnet synchronous generators. Their electrical, dimensional, cost and efficiency parameters are compared. To understand all the benefits diagrams with these parameters are prepared. Possible benefits and money savings are estimated. As the result the advantages, disadvantages and boundary conditions for the permanent magnet synchronous generator application in marine electric-power systems are found out.

Chelyabinsk CHP-3 “locked power” problem solving

All over the world power systems become bigger and bigger every day. New equipment is installed, new feeders are constructed, new power units are installed. Some old elements of the network, however, are not changed in time. As a result, “bottlenecks” for capacity transmission can occur. By locked power problem the situation when a power plant has installed capacity exceeding the power it can actually deliver is usually meant. Regime, scheme or even technical restrictions-related issues usually cause this kind of problem. It is really important, since from the regime point of view it is typical decision to have a mobile capacity reserve, in case of malfunctions. And, what can be even more significant, power plant owner (JSC Fortum in our case) losses his money because of selling less electrical energy. The goal of master`s thesis is to analyze the current state of Chelyabinsk power system and the CHP-3 (Combined Heat and Power plant) in particular in relation with it`s ability to deliver the whole capacity of the CHP in it`s existing state and also taking into consideration the prospect of power unit 3 installation by the fourth quarter of 2010. The thesis contains some general information about the UPS of Russia, CPS of Ural, power system of Chelyabinsk and the Chelyabinsk region itself. Then the CHP-3 is described from technical point of view with it`s equipment observation. Regimes for the nowadays power system and for the system after the power unit 3 installation are reviewed. The problems occurring are described and, finally, a solution is offered.

Achieving EU energy targets – Impacts of evolutionary and revolutionary transition paths on power systems

Ambitious energy targets set by EU put pressures to increase share of renewable electricity supply in this and next decades and therefore, some EU member countries have boosted increasing renewable energy generation capacity by implementing subsidy schemes on national level. In this study, two different change approaches to increase renewable energy supply and increase self-sufficiency of supply are assessed with respect to their impacts on power system, electricity market and electricity generation costs in Finland. It is obtained that the current electricity generation costs are high compared to opportunities of earnings from present-day investor’s perspective. In addition, the growth expectations of consumptions and the price forecasts do not stimulate investing in new generation capacity. Revolutionary transition path is driven by administrative and political interventions to achieve the energy targets. Evolutionary transition path is driven by market-based mechanisms, such as market itself and emission trading scheme. It is obtained in this study that in the revolutionary transition path operation of market-based mechanisms is distorted to some extent and it is likely that this path requires providing more public financial resources compared to evolutionary transition path. In the evolutionary transition path the energy targets are not achieved as quickly but market-based mechanisms function better and investment environment endures more stable compared to revolutionary transition path.

Loistehon säätö ja kompensointi

Kantaverkkoyhtiö Fingrid Oy on tarkastellut kantaverkosta otettua tai tuotettua loistehoa alueittain Fingridin määrittelemällä maantieteellisellä tavalla. Alue koostuu liittymispisteistä, jotka ovat yksittäisten verkkoyhtiöiden liittymispisteitä. Yhden alueen sisällä voi siis olla monia eri verkkoyhtiöiden liittymispisteitä. Vuodesta 2016 alkaen loistehon tarkastelu vaihtuu aluetarkastelusta liittymispistetarkasteluun. Liittymispistetarkasteluun siirtymisen myötä tulee verkkoyhtiöiden investoida erinäisiin kompensointiratkaisuihin, jotta yksittäisten liittymispisteiden loistehot pysyvät Fingridin asettaman loistehon tarkasteluikkunan sisällä. Työssä perehdytään erinäisiin kompensointiratkaisuihin ja niiden kytkentöihin sekä kytkentöjen vaikutuksiin olemassa olevaan sähköverkkoon. Lisäksi työssä käsitellään tuulivoimaloiden hyödyntämistä loistehon säädössä. Esimerkkitapauksessa tarkastellaan erästä Caruna Oy:n verkkoa ja pohditaan teknistä ja mahdollisimman taloudellista kompensointiratkaisua kyseiseen verkkoon. Työn lopputulos on, että maakaapeloinnin määrän kasvaessa loistehon kompensoinnin tarve kasvaa. Näin ollen Fingrid Oy:ltä tarvitaan selkeitä linjauksia moneen ongelmakohtaan, kuten tuotanto-kulutuspisteen loistehon tarkasteluun. Lisäksi Energiavirastolta tarvitaan kannusteita loistehon kompensointiin, sillä verkkoyhtiöiden liiketoiminta perustuu regulaatiomalliin ja kompensointilaitteiston yksikköhinnasto on hyvin suppea.

Siirtohinnoittelun kehittäminen etäluettavilta mittareilta saatavan datan avulla sähkönjakeluyhtiö Mäntsälän Sähkö Oy:lle

Sähkönsiirtomaksuilla katetaan luonnollisena alueellisena monopolina toimivan paikallisen sähkönjakeluyhtiön toiminta. Koska sähköverkkoyhtiöt toimivat monopoliasemassa, niiden toimintaa valvoo Energiavirasto. Energiavirasto valvoo pääasiassa verkkoyhtiöiden liikevaihtoa ja toiminnan tehokkuutta. Verkkoyhtiöiden toimintaa säätää Suomessa sähkömarkkinalaki. Verkkoyhtiöiden kustannusrakenne on hyvin sidottu verkoston kustannuksiin. Koska sähköverkoston kustannukset ovat pitkän käyttöiän ja suurien alkuinvestointien vuoksi vuosittain kiinteät ja merkittävän suuret, olisi verkkoyhtiön kannalta tärkeää, että vuosittaiset tulot eivät suuresti vaihtelisi. Nykyisellä hinnoittelumallilla kuitenkin verkkoyhtiöiden tulot jäävät hyvin riippuvaisiksi talven kylmyydestä. Nykyisin Suomessa yleisesti käytettävässä siirtohinnoittelun hinnoittelumallissa ei huomioida myöskään sitä, että verkkoyhtiön kustannukset ovat enemmän riippuvaisia verkossa siirretyistä tehoista kuin energioista. Siirtohinnoittelun kannalta on tapahtunut ja on tapahtumassa merkittäviä muutoksia. Etäluettavien sähkönkulutusmittarien käyttöönoton myötä asiakkaiden kulutuksesta saadaan huomattavasti entistä enemmän tietoa, mikä auttaa kustannusvastaavien hintojen määrittämisessä. Samaan aikaan asiakkaiden sähkön käyttö voi muuttua huomattavasti varsinkin sähköautojen ja lämpöpumppujen yleistymisen myötä. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on luoda Mäntsälän Sähkö Oy:lle sähkönsiirtohinnoittelun kustannuksia vastaavien hintojen määrittämiseksi laskentasovellus sekä selvittää tulevaisuuden siirtohinnoittelun toteuttamismahdollisuuksia. Lyhyen aikavälin suunnittelussa keskitytään kustannusvastaavien hintojen määrittämiseen keskihintaperiaatteen avulla ja pidemmän aikavälin suunnittelussa asiakkaiden huipputehoihin perustuvan hinnoittelun toteuttamisen vaikutuksiin sekä verkkoyhtiön että asiakkaan näkökulmasta.

Modelling of changes in electricity end-use and their impacts on electricity distribution

The electricity distribution sector will face significant changes in the future. Increasing reliability demands will call for major network investments. At the same time, electricity end-use is undergoing profound changes. The changes include future energy technologies and other advances in the field. New technologies such as microgeneration and electric vehicles will have different kinds of impacts on electricity distribution network loads. In addition, smart metering provides more accurate electricity consumption data and opportunities to develop sophisticated load modelling and forecasting approaches. Thus, there are both demands and opportunities to develop a new type of long-term forecasting methodology for electricity distribution. The work concentrates on the technical and economic perspectives of electricity distribution. The doctoral dissertation proposes a methodology to forecast electricity consumption in the distribution networks. The forecasting process consists of a spatial analysis, clustering, end-use modelling, scenarios and simulation methods, and the load forecasts are based on the application of automatic meter reading (AMR) data. The developed long-term forecasting process produces power-based load forecasts. By applying these results, it is possible to forecast the impacts of changes on electrical energy in the network, and further, on the distribution system operator’s revenue. These results are applicable to distribution network and business planning. This doctoral dissertation includes a case study, which tests the forecasting process in practice. For the case study, the most prominent future energy technologies are chosen, and their impacts on the electrical energy and power on the network are analysed. The most relevant topics related to changes in the operating environment, namely energy efficiency, microgeneration, electric vehicles, energy storages and demand response, are discussed in more detail. The study shows that changes in electricity end-use may have radical impacts both on electrical energy and power in the distribution networks and on the distribution revenue. These changes will probably pose challenges for distribution system operators. The study suggests solutions for the distribution system operators on how they can prepare for the changing conditions. It is concluded that a new type of load forecasting methodology is needed, because the previous methods are no longer able to produce adequate forecasts.

Benefits of a low-cost one-phase current distortion detection device in appliance supply in low-voltage residential networks

In this bachelor’s thesis are examined the benefits of current distortion detection device application in customer premises low voltage networks. The purpose of this study was to find out if there are benefits for measuring current distortion in low-voltage residential networks. Concluding into who can benefit from measuring the power quality. The research focuses on benefits based on the standardization in Europe and United States of America. In this research, were also given examples of appliances in which current distortion detection device could be used. Along with possible illustration of user interface for the device. The research was conducted as an analysis of the benefits of current distortion detection device in residential low voltage networks. The research was based on literature review. The study was divided to three sections. The first explain the reasons for benefitting from usage of the device and the second portrays the low-cost device, which could detect one-phase current distortion, in theory. The last section discuss of the benefits of usage of current distortion detection device while focusing on the beneficiaries. Based on the result of this research, there are benefits from usage to the current distortion detection device. The main benefitting party of the current distortion detection device was found to be manufactures, as they are held responsible of limiting the current distortion on behalf of consumers. Manufactures could adjust equipment to respond better to the distortion by having access to on-going current distortion in network. The other benefitting party are system operators, who would better locate distortion issues in low-voltage residential network to start prevention of long-term problems caused by current distortion early on.

Performance Degradation Modelling and Techno-Economic Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems

Transmission system operators and distribution system operators are experiencing new challenges in terms of reliability, power quality, and cost efficiency. Although the potential of energy storages to face those challenges is recognized, the economic implications are still obscure, which introduce the risk into the business models. This thesis aims to investigate the technical and economic value indicators of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (BESS) in grid-scale applications. In order to do that, a comprehensive performance lithium-ion BESS model with degradation effects estimation is developed. The model development process implies literature review on lifetime modelling, use, and modification of previous study progress, building the additional system parts and integrating it into a complete tool. The constructed model is capable of describing the dynamic behavior of the BESS voltage, state of charge, temperature and capacity loss. Five control strategies for BESS unit providing primary frequency regulation are implemented, in addition to the model. The questions related to BESS dimensioning and the end of life (EoL) criterion are addressed. Simulations are performed with one-month real frequency data acquired from Fingrid. The lifetime and cost-benefit analysis of the simulation results allow to compare and determine the preferable control strategy. Finally, the study performs the sensitivity analysis of economic profitability with variable size, EoL and system price. The research reports that BESS can be profitable in certain cases and presents the recommendations.

Flexible Sensor for Wearable Vital Sign Monitoring System

In modern society, the body health is a very important issue to everyone. With the development of the science and technology, the new and developed body health monitoring device and technology will play the key role in the daily medical activities. This paper focus on making progress in the design of the wearable vital sign system. A vital sign monitoring system has been proposed and designed. The whole detection system is composed of signal collecting subsystem, signal processing subsystem, short-range wireless communication subsystem and user interface subsystem. The signal collecting subsystem is composed of light source and photo diode, after emiting light of two different wavelength, the photo diode collects the light signal reflected by human body tissue. The signal processing subsystem is based on the analog front end AFE4490 and peripheral circuits, the collected analog signal would be filtered and converted into digital signal in this stage. After a series of processing, the signal would be transmitted to the short-range wireless communication subsystem through SPI, this subsystem is mainly based on Bluetooth 4.0 protocol and ultra-low power System on Chip(SoC) nRF51822. Finally, the signal would be transmitted to the user end. After proposing and building the system, this paper focus on the research of the key component in the system, that is, the photo detector. Based on the study of the perovskite materials, a low temperature processed photo detector has been proposed, designed and researched. The device is made up of light absorbing layer, electron transporting and hole blocking layer, hole transporting and electron blocking layer, conductive substrate layer and metal electrode layer. The light absorbing layer is the important part of whole device, and it is fabricated by perovskite materials. After accepting the light, the electron-hole pair would be produced in this layer, and due to the energy level difference, the electron and hole produced would be transmitted to metal electrode and conductive substrate electrode through electron transporting layer and hole transporting layer respectively. In this way the response current would be produced. Based on this structure, the specific fabrication procedure including substrate cleaning; PEDOT:PSS layer preparation; pervoskite layer preparation; PCBM layer preparation; C60, BCP, and Ag electrode layer preparation. After the device fabrication, a series of morphological characterization and performance testing has been done. The testing procedure including film-forming quality inspection, response current and light wavelength analysis, linearity and response time and other optical and electrical properties testing. The testing result shows that the membrane has been fabricated uniformly; the device can produce obvious response current to the incident light with the wavelength from 350nm to 800nm, and the response current could be changed along with the light wavelength. When the light wavelength keeps constant, there exists a good linear relationship between the intensity of the response current and the power of the incident light, based on which the device could be used as the photo detector to collect the light information. During the changing period of the light signal, the response time of the device is several microseconds, which is acceptable working as a photo detector in our system. The testing results show that the device has good electronic and optical properties, and the fabrication procedure is also repeatable, the properties of the devices has good uniformity, which illustrates the fabrication method and procedure could be used to build the photo detector in our wearable system. Based on a series of testing results, the paper has drawn the conclusion that the photo detector fabricated could be integrated on the flexible substrate and is also suitable for the monitoring system proposed, thus made some progress on the research of the wearable monitoring system and device. Finally, some future prospect in system design aspect and device design and fabrication aspect are proposed.

Sellutehtaan varavoimajärjestelmän mitoitus ja teknistaloudellinen vertailu 400 ja 690 voltin jännitteillä

Tämän diplomityön tarkoitus on selvittää pienjakelujännitteen nostosta aiheutuvia vaikutuksia sellutehtaan varavoimaverkossa. Työn alussa esitellään varavoimaverkkoon kuuluvia osia, selvitetään erilaisten kuormien vaikutusta varavoimaverkon sähkön laatuun sekä kuormien jakoa varmennettuihin verkkoihin. Seuraavaksi suunnitellaan kaksi keskitettyä varavoimaverkkomallia eri pienjakelujännitteillä. Mallien nimellisjännitteet ovat 400 V ja 690 V. Varavoimaverkkomallien kuormat ja osastojen väliset etäisyydet on otettu valmiista sellutehtaista. Tässä diplomityössä painotutaan erityisesti varavoimaverkkomallien mitoitukseen ja jakelujännitteen nostosta aiheutuvien vaikutusten teknistaloudelliseen vertailuun. Vertailu tehdään keskijännitekojeiston ja varavoimakeskusten välisellä alueella, johon kuu-luvat jakelumuuntaja, varavoimakone, varavoimapääkeskus, kiskosillat, jakelukaapelit, kytkinvaroke- ja katkaisijalähdöt sekä mahdolliset välimuuntajat. Varavoimaverkkojen välisessä kustannusvertailussa käytetään nykyarvomenetelmää.

Kulmastabiilisuuden mallinnus

Työn tavoitteena oli kartoittaa vaihtoehtoisia menetelmiä perinteiselle aikatasossa tapahtuvalle kulmastabiilisuuden mallinnukselle käyttövarmuustarkastelussa. Vaihtoehtoisiin menetelmiin tutustuttiin kirjallisuuden avulla ja valittiin menetelmä testattavaksi pohjoismaisessa yhteiskäyttöjärjestelmässä. Vaihtoehtoisen menetelmän ominaisuusvaatimuksiin kuului nopeampi laskenta, luotettava stabiilien ja epästabiilien tilanteiden seulontakyky ja menetelmän antama indeksi stabiilisuus-/epästabiilisuusasteesta. Pääasiassa menetelmät, joihin tutustuttiin, arvioivat vain transienttia stabiilisuutta. SIME-menetelmä soveltui myös dynaamisen stabiilisuuden arviointiin. Suomessa voi dynaamisella stabiilisuudella olla tulevaisuudessa merkittävä rooli käyttövarmuustarkasteluissa. SIME-menetelmän toimivuutta testattiin osin yksinkertaistetulla Nordel-verkkomallilla, ja saadut tulokset olivat lupaavia. Menetelmä täytti uudelle menetelmälle asetetut vaatimukset, vaikka ongelmiakin esiintyi. Testauksessa käytetyn menetelmän edelleen kehittäminen ja menetelmän testaaminen täydellisellä verkkomallilla on suositeltavaa.