2 resultados para Poly-l-lysine
em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland
Resumo:
Poly-L-lactide (PLLA) is a widely used sustainable and biodegradable alternative to replace synthetic non-degradable plastic materials in the packaging industry. Conversely, its processing properties are not always optimal, e.g. insufficient melt strength at higher temperatures (necessary in extrusion coating processes). This thesis reports on research to improve properties of commercial PLLA grade (3051D from NatureWorks), to satisfy and extend end-use applications, such as food packaging by blending with modified PLLA. Adjustment of the processability by chain branching of commercial poly-L-lactide initiated by peroxide was evaluated. Several well-defined branched structures with four arms (sPLLA) were synthesized using pentaerythritol as a tetra-functional initiator. Finally, several block copolymers consisting of polyethylene glycol and PLLA (i.e. PEGLA) were produced to obtain a well extruded material with improved heat sealing properties. Reactive extrusion of poly-L-lactide was carried out in the presence of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 wt% of various peroxides [tert-butyl-peroxybenzoate (TBPB), 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-(tert-butylperoxy)-hexane (Lupersol 101; LOL1) and benzoyl peroxide (BPO)] at 190C. The peroxide-treated PLLAs showed increased complex viscosity and storage modulus at lower frequencies, indicating the formation of branched/cross linked architectures. The material property changes were dependent on the peroxide, and the used peroxide concentration. Gel fraction analysis showed that the peroxides, afforded different gel contents, and especially 0.5 wt% peroxide, produced both an extremely high molar mass, and a cross linked structure, not perhaps well suited for e.g. further use in a blending step. The thermal behavior was somewhat unexpected as the materials prepared with 0.5 wt% peroxide showed the highest ability for crystallization and cold crystallization, despite substantial cross linking. The peroxide-modified PLLA, i.e. PLLA melt extruded with 0.3 wt% of TBPB and LOL1 and 0.5 wt% BPO was added to linear PLLA in ratios of 5, 15 and 30 wt%. All blends showed increased zero shear viscosity, elastic nature (storage modulus) and shear sensitivity. All blends remained amorphous, though the ability of annealing was improved slightly. Extrusion coating on paperboard was conducted with PLLA, and peroxide-modified PLLA blends (90:10). All blends were processable, but only PLLA with 0.3 wt% of LOL1 afforded a smooth high quality surface with improved line speed. Adhesion levels between fiber and plastic, as well as heat seal performance were marginally reduced compared with pure 3051D. The water vapor transmission measurements (WVTR) of the blends containing LOL1 showed acceptable levels, only slightly lower than for comparable PLLA 3051D. A series of four-arm star-shaped poly-L-lactide (sPLLA) with different branch length was synthesized by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide using pentaerythritol as initiator and stannous octoate as catalyst. The star-shaped polymers were further blended with its linear resin and studied for their melt flow and thermal properties. Blends containing 30 wt% of sPLLA with low molecular weight (30 wt%; Mwtotal: 2500 g mol-1 and 15000 g mol-1) showed lower zero shear viscosity and significantly increased shear thinning, while at the same time slightly increased crystallization of the blend. However, the amount of crystallization increased significantly with the higher molecular weight sPLLA, therefore the star-shaped structure may play a role as nucleating agent. PLLA-polyethylene glycol–PLLA triblock copolymers (PEGLA) with different PLLA block length were synthesized and their applicability as blends with linear PLLA (3051D NatureWorks) was investigated with the intention of improving heat-seal and adhesion properties of extrusion-coated paperboard. PLLA-PEG-PLLA was obtained by ring opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide using PEG (molecular weight 6000 g mol-1) as an initiator, and stannous octoate as catalyst. The structures of the PEGLAs were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). The melt flow and thermal properties of all PEGLAs and their blends were evaluated using dynamic rheology, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). All blends containing 30 wt% of PEGLAs showed slightly higher zero shear viscosity, higher shear thinning and increased melt elasticity (based on tan delta). Nevertheless, no significant changes in thermal properties were distinguished. High molecular weight PEGLAs were used in extrusion coating line with 3051D without problems.
Resumo:
Syöpäkasvaimen mikroympäristön tiedetään vaikuttavan syövän etenemiseen ja invasoitumiseen. Mikroympäristössä syöpäsolujen aktivoimat fibroblastit tuottavat liukoisia tekijöitä ja muokkaavat soluväliainetta siten, että mikroympäristö muuttuu syövän etenemisen kannalta edulliseksi. Tätä dynaamista ympäristöä pidetään yhtenä syynä eturauhassyövän lääkeresistenttiyden kehittymiseen. Mikroympäristön arvellaan myös ylläpitävän kantasolunkaltaista solupopulaatiota, joka eturauhassyövässä tunnistetaan α2β1-integriinin ja CD44-glykoproteiinin korkeiden ilmentymistasojen sekä samanaikaisen CD133-glykoproteiinin ilmentymisen perusteella. Erikoistyössä tutkittiin, miten eturauhaskudoksesta eristettyjen fibroblastien tuottama soluväliaine vaikuttaa DU145- ja PC3-eturauhassyöpäsolujen lääkeaineherkkyyteen. Fibroblastien tuottaman soluväliaineen, tyypin I kollageenin, fibronektiinin tai poly-L-lysiinin päällä kasvavat eturauhassyöpäsolut altistettiin doketakseli-syöpälääkkeelle ja eloonjääneet solut havaittiin kolorimetrisesti. Syövän kantasolujen tunnistamiseksi eloonjääneiden DU145-solujen α2-integriinin ja CD44:n ilmentymistasot analysoitiin virtaussytometrialla. Lopuksi määritettiin α2-integriinin ilmentymisen perusteella α2Matala- ja α2Korkea-alapopulaatioihin lajiteltujen DU145-solujen doketakseliherkkyys. Fibroblastien tuottaman soluväliaineen ei havaittu suojaavan eturauhassyöpäsoluja doketakselilta in vitro: lääkkeen sytotoksisuutta kuvaavat IC50-arvot olivat sekä soluväliaineella että yksittäisillä soluväliaineproteiineilla kasvaneilla DU145-soluilla 18–20 nM ja PC3-soluilla 20–29 nM. Lääkekäsittelystä eloonjääneet solut ilmensivät kuitenkin tilastollisesti merkitsevästi enemmän α2-integriiniä ja CD44:ää (parittainen t-testi, P < 0.05). Vastaavasti α2Korkea-alapopulaatiossa CD44:n ilmentyminen oli lisääntynyt ja doketakselikäsittelystä eloonjääneiden solujen määrä hieman suurentunut. Tämä viittaa siihen, että vaikka suurin osa syöpäsoluista on soluväliaineesta riippumatta herkkiä doketakselille, pieni α2Korkea/CD44Korkea fenotyypin solupopulaatio jää henkiin ja voi mahdollisesti edistää doketakseliresistenttiyttä. Korkeasta α2-integriinin ilmentymistasosta huolimatta α2-integriinivälitteinen kiinnittyminen kasvualustaan ei ollut välttämätöntä α2Korkea/CD44Korkea eturauhassyöpäsolujen eloonjäämiselle. α2-integriinin ja lääkeresistenttiyden välisen yhteyden ymmärtämiseksi tulisi tutkimukset jatkossa kohdistaa α2-integriinin solunsisäisten viestinvälitysketjujen toiminnan selvittämiseen.