Nature conservation efforts by forest owners : intentions and practice in a Swedish case study

Abstract

Tourism, poverty alleviation and nature conservation : the state of contemporary research

Artikkeli perustuu kirjallisuuskatsaukseen, joka on tehty 17 lehden 112 vertaisarvioidusta artikkelista vuosilta 2003-2007.

Luonnonsuojelualueiden metsänhoito

Summary: Forestry on nature conservation areas

Elämää ja viisautta lintujen puolesta

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Conservation Genetics of Exploited Finnish Salmonid Fishes

Genetic diversity is one of the levels of biodiversity that the World Conservation Union (IUCN) has recognized as being important to preserve. This is because genetic diversity is fundamental to the future evolution and to the adaptive flexibility of a species to respond to the inherently dynamic nature of the natural world. Therefore, the key to maintaining biodiversity and healthy ecosystems is to identify, monitor and maintain locally-adapted populations, along with their unique gene pools, upon which future adaptation depends. Thus, conservation genetics deals with the genetic factors that affect extinction risk and the genetic management regimes required to minimize the risk. The conservation of exploited species, such as salmonid fishes, is particularly challenging due to the conflicts between different interest groups. In this thesis, I conduct a series of conservation genetic studies on primarily Finnish populations of two salmonid fish species (European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, and lake-run brown trout, Salmo trutta) which are popular recreational game fishes in Finland. The general aim of these studies was to apply and develop population genetic approaches to assist conservation and sustainable harvest of these populations. The approaches applied included: i) the characterization of population genetic structure at national and local scales; ii) the identification of management units and the prioritization of populations for conservation based on evolutionary forces shaping indigenous gene pools; iii) the detection of population declines and the testing of the assumptions underlying these tests; and iv) the evaluation of the contribution of natural populations to a mixed stock fishery. Based on microsatellite analyses, clear genetic structuring of exploited Finnish grayling and brown trout populations was detected at both national and local scales. Finnish grayling were clustered into three genetically distinct groups, corresponding to northern, Baltic and south-eastern geographic areas of Finland. The genetic differentiation among and within population groups of grayling ranged from moderate to high levels. Such strong genetic structuring combined with low genetic diversity strongly indicates that genetic drift plays a major role in the evolution of grayling populations. Further analyses of European grayling covering the majority of the species’ distribution range indicated a strong global footprint of population decline. Using a coalescent approach the beginning of population reduction was dated back to 1 000-10 000 years ago (ca. 200-2 000 generations). Forward simulations demonstrated that the bottleneck footprints measured using the M ratio can persist within small populations much longer than previously anticipated in the face of low levels of gene flow. In contrast to the M ratio, two alternative methods for genetic bottleneck detection identified recent bottlenecks in six grayling populations that warrant future monitoring. Consistent with the predominant role of random genetic drift, the effective population size (N_e) estimates of all grayling populations were very low with the majority of N_e estimates below 50. Taken together, highly structured local populations, limited gene flow and the small N_e of grayling populations indicates that grayling populations are vulnerable to overexploitation and, hence, monitoring and careful management using the precautionary principles is required not only in Finland but throughout Europe. Population genetic analyses of lake-run brown trout populations in the Inari basin (northernmost Finland) revealed hierarchical population structure where individual populations were clustered into three population groups largely corresponding to different geographic regions of the basin. Similar to my earlier work with European grayling, the genetic differentiation among and within population groups of lake-run brown trout was relatively high. Such strong differentiation indicated that the power to determine the relative contribution of populations in mixed fisheries should be relatively high. Consistent with these expectations, high accuracy and precision in mixed stock analysis (MSA) simulations were observed. Application of MSA to indigenous fish caught in the Inari basin identified altogether twelve populations that contributed significantly to mixed stock fisheries with the Ivalojoki river system being the major contributor (70%) to the total catch. When the contribution of wild trout populations to the fisheries was evaluated regionally, geographically nearby populations were the main contributors to the local catches. MSA also revealed a clear separation between the lower and upper reaches of Ivalojoki river system – in contrast to lower reaches of the Ivalojoki river that contributed considerably to the catch, populations from the upper reaches of the Ivalojoki river system (>140 km from the river mouth) did not contribute significantly to the fishery. This could be related to the available habitat size but also associated with a resident type life history and increased cost of migration. The studies in my thesis highlight the importance of dense sampling and wide population coverage at the scale being studied and also demonstrate the importance of critical evaluation of the underlying assumptions of the population genetic models and methods used. These results have important implications for conservation and sustainable fisheries management of Finnish populations of European grayling and brown trout in the Inari basin.

Kaaoksen ja järjestyksen jännitteessä : luonto-ohjelman The Nature of Rebirth hermeneuttinen sisällönluominen

Opinnäytetyöni on monimuototyö, jonka teososa on luonto-ohjelma/dokumenttielokuva The Nature of Rebirth, jonka toteutin yhteistyössä neljän muun opiskelijan kanssa. Toimin toisena käsikirjoittajana, ohjaajana ja tuottajana. Luonto-ohjelman keskeisenä ideana on kertoa luonnosta tavalla, joka korostaa ihmisen ja luonnon suhdetta, vuorovaikutusta sekä yhteenkietoutuneisuutta. Luonto-ohjelman aiheena on Euroopan vanhin metsä Bialowieza Puolassa. Kirjallisessa osiossa tarkastelen ja reflektoin luonto-ohjelman hermeneuttista sisällönluomista moniosaajan (käsikirjoittaja-ohjaaja-tuottajan) näkökulmasta. Hermeneuttisen sisällönluomisen käsite kuvastaa sitä prosessia, jonka kautta mielestäni lopullinen luonto-ohjelma luotiin. Se on työskentelytapa, joka perustuu kaaoksen ja järjestyksen väliseen jännitteeseen ja vuorovaikutukseen. Jännitteen ja vuorovaikutuksen kautta intuitiivisesta ideasta luodaan vaihe vaiheelta lopullista sisältöä. Hermeneuttinen sisällönluominen sopi tuotantoomme, jossa haasteena oli hakea muotoa ja tapaa kertoa Euroopan vanhimmasta metsästä ihmisten kautta. Hermeneuttinen sisällönluominen soveltuu sellaisille tuotannoille, joissa tekijällä on samanaikaisesti limittäin erilaisia pidemmän aikavälin tuotantoja. Rajaan tarkasteluni niihin tuotannon vaiheisiin, joissa hermeneuttinen sisällönluomisen prosessi oli suuressa roolissa joko omassa mielessäni tai työryhmän välisissä dialogeissa ja yhteistyössä. Nämä olivat ikään kuin solmukohtia, jotka piti ratkaista, jotta sisällönluominen olisi voinut taas jatkua. Luonto-ohjelman The Nature of Rebirth tuotannossa solmukohdat painottuivat erityisesti ennakkotuotantovaiheessa käsikirjoituksen luomiseen ja jälkituotantovaiheessa leikkausvaiheeseen. Solmukohtien lisäksi käsittelen luonto-ohjelmamme sisältöä laajemmassa yhteiskunnallisessa ja ohjelmavirran kontekstissa. Lähdekirjallisuutena olen käyttänyt sekä luonto-ohjelmiin että dokumenttielokuviin liittyviä teoksia ja artikkeleita. Lisäksi olen soveltanut monitieteisesti muiden tieteenalojen teorioita ja tutkimuksia, esimerkiksi hermeneuttisen sisällönluomisen viitekehyksessä. Osa tiedoista perustuu luentoihin Stadiassa tai keskusteluihin alan asiantuntijoiden kanssa. Lisäksi kirjallisessa osuudessa tuon esiin omia huomioitani sekä luonto-ohjelman tekijänä että luonto-ohjelmien katsojana.

Forest owners' acceptance of incentive based policy instruments in forest biodiversity conservation : a choice experiment based approach

Abstract

Effect of conservation tillage and peat application on weed infestation on a clay soil

Selostus: Kynnöstä luopumisen ja turvelisäyksen vaikutus savimaan rikkakasvillisuuteen kevätviljakasvustossa