6 resultados para National curriculum

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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The overall purpose of this dissertation is to better knowledge and understanding of enterprise education and investigate how such can be expressed in a school environment. The study’s research objective focuses on what teachers think and value about enterprise education and how they feel they are able to support students in their development towards an enterprising initiative. In the study’s theoretical background description, enterprise education, which was introduced into the Finnish national curriculum in 1994, is investigated outgoing from six so-named paths: linguistic, economic, educational-political, cultural, psychological, and the pedagogical, which is the main focus of the study. In the theoretical background, different characteristics have been identified; these are functional, social, and individual enterprise. The study’s empirical foundation consists of interviews with thirty teachers working at comprehensive and upper secondary schools. Two research efforts are combined: a phenomenographic and a phenomenological. In both efforts, a hermeneutic analysis takes place. Five principles that facilitate interpretation are presented and used: the indispensability of pre-understanding, the indispensability of the dimension of time, the indispensability of totality, the indispensability of negativism, and the indispensability of rationality. One study result is that teachers understand enterprise education as immanent, technical, and/or cooperative activity. The majority of teachers choose to emphasize that the purpose of activity is comprised of individual and social activity that is directed towards personal development, in contrast to functional enterprise, which is directed towards a technical form of activity and business-related, entrepreneurial knowledge. The question of how teachers understand the phenomenon is of significance for how they value it. The results also show that teachers’ abilities to reassess and change their manner are influenced by their knowledge/skills and awareness that they have of the interpretive possibilities that enterprise education manifests. In order to stimulate students to enterprising initiatives, teachers stress activity-promoting methods, authenticity, and an auspicious atmosphere in educational activities.

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Earlier research has shown that strong experiences related to music (SEM) can occur in very different contexts and take on many different forms. Experiences like these seem significant and have among other things reportedly had an affect on the individual's continuing relationship towards music, which makes them interesting from a pedagogical point of view. Formal teaching situations, though, are under-represented in studies where people have been asked to describe strong experiences that they have had in connection with music. The purpose of my thesis is to investigate what SEM may mean to pupils and teachers in lower secondary school (grades 7-9), and to inquire more deeply into the potential "space" for such experiences within school music education. On a comprehensive level my ambition is to deepen the understanding for SEM as a possible element in pedagogical situations. Three empirical perspectives are employed: pupil-, teacher- and curriculum perspectives. The pupil perspective involved an analysis of written accounts of 166 fifteen-year-olds, describing own strong experiences. The teacher perspective involved studying 28 music teachers' conceptions of the purpose of teaching music in school as well as their understanding about strong music experiences in school context. Further, the teachers' descriptions of SEM that they have had themselves were analysed. The curriculum perspective is reflected through a study of how music experience was represented in 24 local and 2 national curriculum texts for music. Grounded in a phenomenological-hermeneutical perspective the material have been analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The result points towards the fact that the music education in school has the potential to become an arena for SEM and that this can happen in relation to a multitude of activities and genres and take on many different expressions. Only one pupil referred to a musical encounter in the classroom environment; all other experiences that occurred inside the frame of school activity had taken place in other arenas (the school hall, public concert halls, and so on). However, more than 98 % of the descriptions concerned musical encounters in leisure time contexts. The significance of SEM is further clarified by narrative constructions. SEM as a conception does not occur on the curriculum level; however the analyze revealed a number of interesting "openings" which are illustrated. Even though all teachers displayed a fundamentally positive attitude towards the idea of regarding SEM as a feature of formal musical learning, it became clear that many teachers never had approached this theme from a pedagogical point of view before. Still, they proved to have an evident "familiarity" towards the phenomenon based on their own experiences of receptive and performative musical encounter. The possible space for strong musical experiences within school music education is specified through a detailed illustration of six specific themes derived from the reasoning of the teachers. Furthermore, this is described through a mapping of the potential experiencing zone, constructed from the teachers descriptions of educational aims.

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Sloyd as an activity concretizes man’s ability to, with the help of mind and body, reshape materials into objects and change her conditions for survival. The sloyd actor outside school works when the spirit moves her, while the pupil in school is expected to sloyd regardless of motivation. Subject teachers become experts on sloyd in educational settings, while the qualification requirements may set the class teachers’ voluntariness within parenthesis. All class teachers qualify to teach all core subjects of the national curriculum in Finland from preschool to grade six. The aim of the current thesis is to deepen the knowledge on how the science of sloyd education can support class teacher students’ future teaching in sloyd. In the empirical part of the study, Swedish-speaking Finnish class teacher students’ views on technical sloyd as one of their future subjects for teaching are examined. The class teacher’s qualifying skills in teaching technical sloyd are expected to take shape during only a few ECTS study points. The teacher students’ experience of the subject from the pupil’s perspective is supposed to move into a budding teacher subject. In a research-based teacher education, self-reflection and reflection as a dialogue are extended aided by research results. Intuitive thinking interplays with rational thinking during this time. The teacher student’s approach to make use of the autonomous free space in teaching is, in the current thesis, as considerations where the individual weighs the pros and cons in relation to various phenomena in sloyd and the school overall. The basis for an individual autonomy is shaped and is expected to interplay on the common arena of autonomy. In the exercise of their profession, the class teacher teaching sloyd is expected to oscillate between the sloyd educational practice and theory. The first step in this movement within the teacher education is the coverage of a selection of theories during the studies. The empirical part of the study is carried out at two separate occasions with directed open-ended interviews with fifteen class teacher students in the beginning and end of their first year of study. The data was analysed with a hermeneutic approach and a qualitatively oriented approach to content analysis. The results are mirrored against theory within the science of sloyd education. The results show that class teacher students have a versatile view of educational sloyd. The overall results overthrow parts of the researcher’s pre-understanding. The viewpoint of the students seems to broaden from a merely manual activity to seeing sloyd as an educational activity. In order for the results to gain significance in the teacher education of the future, a line of reasoning is conducted in order to recommend an extended dialogue and thirteen possible themes for enriching discussions are put forth as a result of the present study. The extended dialogue focuses on that teacher education should make conscious ventures to create opportunities for the students to take part in effective discussions on the subject of sloyd, complementing the existing dialogue between the teacher educator and the students. This thesis lends support to reflections on the following aspects of educational sloyd in these dialogues: the reasons for why the sloyd subject exists, the ambitions of the subject, the content and organization of the subject for students as well as for the teacher educators.

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Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan sopeutumattomien erityisoppilaiden tunne- ja itsesäätelytaitojen kehittymistä Aggression portaat -interventio-ohjelman avulla kolmen vuoden tutkimusjakson aikana. Käsite sopeutumaton oppilas ei ole yksiselitteisesti määriteltävissä, mutta tässä tutkimuksessa sillä tarkoitetaan yleisopetussuunnitelman mukaan opiskelevaa oppilasta, joka käyttäytymiseen ja tunne-elämään liittyvien haasteidensa vuoksi on saanut siirron erityisopetuksen oppilaaksi ja saa enintään 10 oppilaan opetusryhmässä erityistä pedagogista tukea. Tutkimuksen yksi keskeinen tehtävä oli tutkia, onko tunne- ja itsesäätelytaitojen opettamisesta hyötyä sopeutumattomien oppilaiden tunteiden hallinnan ja käyttäytymisen itsesäätelyn kannalta. Tutkimuksen teoreettisena viitekehyksenä on Rose-Krasnorin (1997) malli yksilön sosioemotionaalisesta kompetenssista täydennettynä muiden tutkijoiden näkemyksillä. Sosioemotionaalinen kompetenssi on yläkäsite, johon kuuluvat alakäsitteinä tunne- ja itsesäätelytaidot, sosiokognitiiviset taidot ja sosiaaliset taidot. Lisäksi sosioemotionaaliseen kompetenssiin vaikuttavat kiintymyssuhteet ja osallisuus sekä tavoitteet vuorovaikutuksessa ja konteksti. Tässä tutkimuksessa keskitytään tunne- ja itsesäätelytaitoihin. Interventioryhmän (N=36) muodostivat Varsinais-Suomen alueella opiskelevat sopeutumattomien oppilaiden erityiskoulun 8-13-vuotiaat oppilaat, joille opetettiin tunne- ja itsesäätelytaitoja Aggression portaat -opetusmateriaaliin (Cacciatore 2007) pohjautuvan intervention avulla. Kontrolliryhmän (N=26) oppilaat olivat interventioryhmän oppilaiden ikäisiä ja he opiskelivat Varsinais-Suomen alueen kouluissa pienluokissa myös käyttäytymiseen ja tunne-elämään liittyvien haasteidensa vuoksi. Kontrolliryhmän oppilaat eivät saaneet tutkimusjakson aikana interventio-ohjelman mukaista opetusta. Interventioryhmän oppilaat kävivät erityiskoulua, jossa kaikilla oppilailla oli sopeutumisongelmia ja kontrolliryhmän oppilaat opiskelivat yleisopetuksen koulujen yhteydessä olevilla sopeutumattomien oppilaiden pienluokilla. Tutkimusaineisto on kerätty vuosina 2010-2012. Tutkimusmetodeina olivat sekä oppilaille että opettajille laaditut Webropol-alustaiset kyselyt ja oppilaiden kirjoittamat väkivalta-aiheiset tekstit. Tutkimus- ja kontrolliryhmän oppilaille pidettiin ”Tunteiden hallinta ja käyttäytyminen”- kyselyn avulla alkumittaus syksyllä 2009 ja mittaus toistettiin keväällä 2010, 2011 ja 2012. Kyselyiden avulla selvitettiin, miten oppilaiden tunteiden kokeminen ja ilmaiseminen sekä tunteiden hallinta ja käyttäytymisen itsesäätely muuttuivat tutkimusjakson aikana. Kyselyssä kartoitettiin myös oppilaiden kokemuksia kiusaamisena ilmenevästä väkivallasta. Aineistolähtöisen sisällönanalyysin avulla selvitettiin oppilaiden kirjoitelmista heidän ajatuksiaan ja näkemyksiään väkivallasta ja ehdotuksia keinoista väkivallan vähentämiseksi. Keväällä 2012 interventioryhmän oppilaille ja opettajille laadittujen erillisten kyselyiden avulla selvitettiin sekä oppilaiden että opettajien arvioita ja kokemuksia oppilaiden tunne- ja itsesäätelytaitojen muutoksesta interventio-ohjelman avulla. Lisäksi oppilaat ja opettajat arvioivat pidettyjen tunnetaitotuntien hyödyllisyyttä oppilaille. Interventioryhmän opettajat arvioivat myös Aggression portaat -interventiomateriaalin käyttökelpoisuutta. Vuoden 2014 Perusopetuksen opetussuunnitelman perusteissa esitetyt velvoitteet opettaa kouluissa oppilaille tunne- ja vuorovaikutustaitoja edellyttävät tietoa konkreettisista käytänteistä ja tutkimusperustaisista interventio-ohjelmista. Tämän tutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että interventioryhmän muodostaneet sopeutumattomat oppilaat hyötyivät Aggression portaat -interventiosta. Heidän tunne- ja itsesäätelytaidoissaan tapahtui myönteistä kehitystä etenkin myönteisten tunnekokemusten lisääntymisen ja toisiin kohdistuneen fyysisen väkivallan vähenemisen osalta. Myös suhtautuminen väkivaltapelien ikärajoihin oli merkittävästi myönteisempää kuin kontrolliryhmän oppilailla, joilla kielteinen asenne lisääntyi selvästi tutkimusjakson aikana. Lisäksi interventioryhmän oppilailla oli keinoja itsensä rentouttamiseksi, päinvastoin kuin kontrolliryhmän oppilailla, joilla keinottomuuden kokemus jopa lisääntyi. Interventioryhmän oppilaat suhtautuivat hyvin kielteisesti toisen yllyttämiseen väkivaltaiseen tekoon ja kirjoittivat enemmän ajatuksiaan väkivallasta tuoden esille runsaasti ehdotuksia keinoista väkivallan vähentämiseksi. Myös oppilaat ja opettajat kokivat interventio-ohjelman oppilaiden kehityksen kannalta hyödylliseksi ja opettajat myös interventiomateriaalin käyttökelpoiseksi.

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This study focuses on teacher practices in publicly funded music schools in Finland. As views on the aims of music education change and broaden, music schools across Europe share the challenge of developing their activities in response. In public and scholarly debate, there have been calls for increased diversity of contents and concepts of teaching. In Finland, the official national curriculum for state-funded music schools builds on the ideal that teaching and learning should create conditions which promote ‘a good relationship to music’. The meaning of this concept has been deliberately left open in order to leave room for dialogue, flexibility, and teacher autonomy. Since what is meant by ‘good’ is not defined in advance, the notion of ‘improving’ practices is also open to discussion. The purpose of the study is to examine these issues from teachers’ point of view by asking what music school teachers aim to accomplish as they develop their practices. Methodologically, the study introduces a suggestion for building empirical research on Alperson’s ‘robust’ praxial approach to music education, a philosophical theory which is strongly committed to practitioner perspectives and musical diversity. A systematic method for analysing music education practices, interpretive practice analysis, is elaborated with support from interpretive research methods originally used in policy analysis. In addition, the research design shows how reflecting conversations (a collaborative approach well-known in Nordic social work) can be fruitfully applied in interpretive research and combined with teacher inquiry. Data have been generated in a collaborative project involving five experienced music school teachers and the researcher. The empirical material includes transcripts from group conversations, data from teacher inquiry conducted within the project, and transcripts from follow-up interviews. The teachers’ aspirations can be understood as strivings to reinforce the connection between musical practices and various forms of human flourishing such that music and flourishing can sustain each other. Examples from their practices show how the word ‘good’ receives its meaning in context. Central among the teachers’ concerns is their hope that students develop a free and sustainable interest in music, often described as inspiration. I propose that ‘good relationships to music’ and ‘inspiration’ can be understood as philosophical mediators which support the transition from an indeterminate ‘interest in music’ towards specific ways in which music can become a (co-)constitutive part of living well in each person’s particular circumstances. Different musical practices emphasise different aspects of what is considered important in music and in human life. Music school teachers consciously balance between a variety of such values. They also make efforts to resist pressure which might threaten the goods they think are most important. Such goods include joy, participation, perseverance, solid musical skills related to specific practices, and a strong sense of vitality. The insights from this study suggest that when teachers are able to create inspiration, they seem to do so by performing complex work which combines musical and educational aims and makes general positive contributions to their students’ lives. Ensuring that teaching and learning in music schools remain as constructive and meaningful as possible for both students and teachers is a demanding task. The study indicates that collaborative, reflective and interdisciplinary work may be helpful as support for development processes on both individual and collective levels of music school teacher practices.

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Ohjelmoinnin opettaminen yleissivistävänä oppiaineena on viime aikoina herättänyt kiinnostusta Suomessa ja muualla maailmassa. Esimerkiksi Suomen opetushallituksen määrittämien, vuonna 2016 käyttöön otettavien peruskoulun opintosuunnitelman perusteiden mukaan, ohjelmointitaitoja aletaan opettaa suomalaisissa peruskouluissa ensimmäiseltä luokalta alkaen. Ohjelmointia ei olla lisäämässä omaksi oppiaineekseen, vaan sen opetuksen on tarkoitus tapahtua muiden oppiaineiden, kuten matematiikan yhteydessä. Tämä tutkimus käsittelee yleissivistävää ohjelmoinnin opetusta yleisesti, käy läpi yleisimpiä haasteita ohjelmoinnin oppimisessa ja tarkastelee erilaisten opetusmenetelmien soveltuvuutta erityisesti nuorten oppilaiden opettamiseen. Tutkimusta varten toteutettiin verkkoympäristössä toimiva, noin 9–12-vuotiaille oppilaille suunnattu graafista ohjelmointikieltä ja visuaalisuutta tehokkaasti hyödyntävä oppimissovellus. Oppimissovelluksen avulla toteutettiin alakoulun neljänsien luokkien kanssa vertailututkimus, jossa graafisella ohjelmointikielellä tapahtuvan opetuksen toimivuutta vertailtiin toiseen opetusmenetelmään, jossa oppilaat tutustuivat ohjelmoinnin perusteisiin toiminnallisten leikkien avulla. Vertailututkimuksessa kahden neljännen luokan oppilaat suorittivat samankaltaisia, ohjelmoinnin peruskäsitteisiin liittyviä ohjelmointitehtäviä molemmilla opetus-menetelmillä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää alakouluoppilaiden nykyistä ohjelmointiosaamista, sitä minkälaisen vastaanoton ohjelmoinnin opetus alakouluoppilailta saa, onko erilaisilla opetusmenetelmillä merkitystä opetuksen toteutuksen kannalta ja näkyykö eri opetusmenetelmillä opetettujen luokkien oppimistuloksissa eroja. Oppilaat suhtautuivat kumpaankin opetusmenetelmään myönteisesti, ja osoittivat kiinnostusta ohjelmoinnin opiskeluun. Sisällöllisesti oppitunneille oli varattu turhan paljon materiaalia, mutta esimerkiksi yhden keskeisimmän aiheen, eli toiston käsitteen oppimisessa aktiivisilla leikeillä harjoitellut luokka osoitti huomattavasti graafisella ohjelmointikielellä harjoitellutta luokkaa parempaa osaamista oppitunnin jälkeen. Ohjelmakoodin peräkkäisyyteen liittyvä osaaminen oli neljäsluokkalaisilla hyvin hallussa jo ennen ohjelmointiharjoituksia. Aiheeseen liittyvän taustatutkimuksen ja luokkien opettajien haastatteluiden perusteella havaittiin koulujen valmiuksien opetussuunnitelmauudistuksen mukaiseen ohjelmoinnin opettamiseen olevan vielä heikolla tasolla.