Development of Rouble Exchange Rate in Russia

This 45th volume deals with the development of the Russian rouble, which suffered a severe depreciation crisis in 1998. In the aftermath of this event, a strong investment boom started in Russia. The new devalued rouble exchange rate gave price competitiveness to local industry. In addition to that, increasing export prices of Russian oil and natural gas deliveries have contributed to economic growth lately. Amid this boom period, inflationary pressure has remained high. Price increases have been higher than in the EU, Russia���s main trading partner. However, rouble/euro exchange rate has remained nominally rather stable in the current decade. This means, that rouble appreciates against euro in real terms, which is weakening Russia���s international competitiveness.

Preparative ion exchange for salt solutions

Ty��ss�� tutkittiin moniarvoisten metalliformiaattien valmistusta ioninvaihto-menetelm��ll��. Kirjallisuustutkimus k��sitteleetunnettuja alumiiniformiaatin ja rautaformiaatin valmistusmenetelmi��, kationinvaihtohartsien ominaisuuksia, ioninvaihtohartsien selektiivisyytt�� ja alumiinin, raudan, magnesiumin ja sinkin vesikemiaa. Laboratoriokokeiden avulla tutkittiin sinkki-, magnesium-, rauta(II)- ja alumiiniformiaattien valmistusta ioninvaihdolla. Kokeet suoritettiin kolonnissa, joka oli pakattu makrohuokoisella tai geelim��isell�� vahvalla kationin-vaihtohartsilla. Hartsi vaihdettiin natriummuodosta metallimuotoon metallikloridi- tai metallisulfaattiliuoksella.Metalli eluoitiin hartsista natriumformiaatilla. Formiaattien valmistus onnistui makrohuokoista vahvaa kationinvaihtohartsia k��ytt��m��ll��. Rauta(II)formiaatin valmistus oli vaikeampaa kuin muiden formiaattien, koska rauta(II) hapettui osittain rauta(III):ksi valmistuksen aikana. Alumiiniformiaattia valmistettiin k��ytt��en sek�� makrohuokoista ett�� geelim��ist�� hartsia. Makrohuokoisen hartsin havaittiin soveltuvan geelim��ist�� hartsia paremmin alumiiniformiaatin valmistukseen. Kungeelim��ist�� hartsia k��ytettiin, noin 30 % alumiinista j��i kiinni hartsiin eik�� siten eluoitunut. Ioninvaihdon selektiivisyyskertoimien saamiseksi suoritettiin tasapainokokeita. Selektiivisyyskertoimia k��ytettiin ioninvaihtokolonnin dynaamisessa simuloinnissa. Ioninvaihdon simuloiminen dynaamisella kolonnimallilla onnistui hyvin.

Exchange of Product-related Data between a Pulp and Paper Machinery Supplier and Its Partners

Kiihtyv�� kilpailu yritysten v��lill�� on tuonut yritykset vaikeidenhaasteiden eteen. Tuotteet pit��isi saada markkinoille nopeammin, uusien tuotteiden pit��isi olla parempia kuin vanhojen ja etenkin parempia kuin kilpailijoiden vastaavat tuotteet. Lis��ksi tuotteiden suunnittelu-, valmistus- ja muut kustannukset eiv��t saisi olla suuria. N��iden haasteiden toteuttamisessa yritet����n usein k��ytt���� apuna tuotetietoja, niiden hallintaa ja vaihtamista. Andritzin, kuten muidenkin yritysten, on otettava n��m�� asiat huomioon p��rj��t��kseen kilpailussa. T��m�� ty�� on tehty Andritzille, joka on maailman johtavia paperin ja sellun valmistukseen tarkoitettujen laitteiden valmistajia ja huoltopalveluiden tarjoajia. Andritz on ottamassa k��ytt����n ERP-j��rjestelm��n kaikissa toimipisteiss����n. Sit�� halutaan hy��dynt���� mahdollisimman tehokkaasti, joten my��s tuotetiedot halutaan j��rjestelm����n koko elinkaaren ajalta. Osan tuotetiedoista luo Andritzin kumppanit ja alihankkijat, joten my��s tietojen vaihto partnereiden v��lill�� halutaan hoitaasiten, ett�� tiedot saadaan suoraan ERP-j��rjestelm����n. T��m��n ty��n tavoitteena onkin l��yt���� ratkaisu, jonka avulla Andritzin ja sen kumppaneiden v��linen tietojenvaihto voidaan hoitaa. T��m�� diplomity�� esittelee tuotetietojen, niiden hallinnan ja vaihtamisen tarkoituksen ja t��rkeyden. Ty��ss�� esitell����n erilaisia ratkaisuvaihtoehtoja tiedonvaihtoj��rjestelm��n toteuttamiseksi. Osa niist�� perustuu yleisiin ja toimialakohtaisiin standardeihin. My��s kaksi kaupallista tuotetta esitell����n. Tarkasteltavana onseuraavat standardit: PaperIXI, papiNet, X-OSCO, PSK-standardit sek�� RosettaNet. Lis��ksi ty��ss�� tarkastellaan ERP-j��rjestelm��n toimittajan, SAP:in ratkaisuja tietojenvaihtoon. N��ist�� vaihtoehdoista parhaimpia tarkastellaan viel�� yksityiskohtaisemmin ja lopuksi eri ratkaisuja vertaillaan kesken����n, jotta l��ydett��isiin Andritzin tarpeisiin paras vaihtoehto.

Development of Rouble Exchange Rate in Russia

NORDIn julkaisu 45 k��sittelee ruplan kehityst��. Vuonna 1998 rupla k��rsi rajusta rahanarvon alenemisesta, mink�� j��lkiseuraksena investointi alkoi Ven��j��ll�� kasvaa. Uusi devalvoitu ruplan vaihtokurssi toi hintakilpailykyky�� paikalliselle teollisuudelle. T��m��n lis��ksi Ven��j��n ��ljyn vientihintojen nousu ja maakaasujakelu ovat edesauttaneet taloudellista kasvua viime aikoina. T��m��n noususuhdanteen vallitessa inflaatiopaine on pysynyt korkealla. Hinnannousut ovat olleet korkeampia kuinEU:ssa, Ven��j��n p����kauppakumppanilla. Kuitenkin, ruplan/euron vaihtokurssit ovat pysyneet nimellisesti melko vakaina t��ll�� vuosikymmenell��. T��m�� tarkoittaa, ett�� todellisuudessa rupla vahvistuu euroa vastaan, mik�� heikent���� Ven��j��n kansainv��list�� kilpailykyky��.

Ion-exchange resins as stationary phase in reactive chromatography

Dynamic behavior of bothisothermal and non-isothermal single-column chromatographic reactors with an ion-exchange resin as the stationary phase was investigated. The reactor performance was interpreted by using results obtained when studying the effect of the resin properties on the equilibrium and kinetic phenomena occurring simultaneously in the reactor. Mathematical models were derived for each phenomenon and combined to simulate the chromatographic reactor. The phenomena studied includes phase equilibria in multicomponent liquid mixture��ion-exchange resin systems, chemicalequilibrium in the presence of a resin catalyst, diffusion of liquids in gel-type and macroporous resins, and chemical reaction kinetics. Above all, attention was paid to the swelling behavior of the resins and how it affects the kinetic phenomena. Several poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) resins with different cross-link densities and internal porosities were used. Esterification of acetic acid with ethanol to produce ethyl acetate and water was used as a model reaction system. Choosing an ion-exchange resin with a low cross-link density is beneficial inthe case of the present reaction system: the amount of ethyl acetate as well the ethyl acetate to water mole ratio in the effluent stream increase with decreasing cross-link density. The enhanced performance of the reactor is mainly attributed to increasing reaction rate, which in turn originates from the phase equilibrium behavior of the system. Also mass transfer considerations favor the use ofresins with low cross-link density. The diffusion coefficients of liquids in the gel-type ion-exchange resins were found to fall rapidly when the extent of swelling became low. Glass transition of the polymer was not found to significantlyretard the diffusion in sulfonated PS��DVB ion-exchange resins. It was also shown that non-isothermal operation of a chromatographic reactor could be used to significantly enhance the reactor performance. In the case of the exothermic modelreaction system and a near-adiabatic column, a positive thermal wave (higher temperature than in the initial state) was found to travel together with the reactive front. This further increased the conversion of the reactants. Diffusion-induced volume changes of the ion-exchange resins were studied in a flow-through cell. It was shown that describing the swelling and shrinking kinetics of the particles calls for a mass transfer model that explicitly includes the limited expansibility of the polymer network. A good description of the process was obtained by combining the generalized Maxwell-Stefan approach and an activity model that was derived from the thermodynamics of polymer solutions and gels. The swelling pressure in the resin phase was evaluated by using a non-Gaussian expression forthe polymer chain length distribution. Dimensional changes of the resin particles necessitate the use of non-standard mathematical tools for dynamic simulations. A transformed coordinate system, where the mass of the polymer was used as a spatial variable, was applied when simulating the chromatographic reactor columns as well as the swelling and shrinking kinetics of the resin particles. Shrinking of the particles in a column leads to formation of dead volume on top of the resin bed. In ordinary Eulerian coordinates, this results in a moving discontinuity that in turn causes numerical difficulties in the solution of the PDE system. The motion of the discontinuity was eliminated by spanning two calculation grids in the column that overlapped at the top of the resin bed. The reactive and non-reactive phase equilibrium data were correlated with a model derived from thethermodynamics of polymer solution and gels. The thermodynamic approach used inthis work is best suited at high degrees of swelling because the polymer matrixmay be in the glassy state when the extent of swelling is low.

Web Client for Smart Messaging Exchange

TeliaSoneran ��lykk����n viestint��j��rjestelm��n kehitysluonnoksella (SME) pilotoidaan prototyyppipalveluita, joiden avulla asiakkaat voivat v��litt���� viestej�� matkapuhelimilla sek�� tietokoneilla. SME:n peruspalveluita voidaan k��ytt���� SIP-standardin mukaisilla asiakasohjelmilla sek�� SME:n omilla WAP- ja WWW-k��ytt��liittymill��. K��ytt��j��t voivat n��hd�� toistensa tilatiedon, muuttaa omaa tilatietoaan sek�� l��hett���� SIP-pikaviestej��, s��hk��postiviestej�� ja tekstiviestej��. K��ytt��j��t voivat my��s yll��pit���� listaa yhteyshenkil��ist����n, vastaanottaa pikaviestej�� ja selata vastaanotettuja viestej��. Diplomity��ss�� k��sitell����n yleisesti SME-j��rjestelm��n rakennetta ja paneudutaan tutkimaan ty��ss�� toteutetun SME:n WWW-asiakasohjelman toteutusta. Diplomity��ss�� k��yd����n l��pi projektiin liittyvi�� standardeja, suosituksia, toteustekniikoita sek�� palveluita. Lis��ksi tarkastellaan ty��ss�� hy��dynnettyj�� ohjelmointirajapintoja, nykyisi�� ��lypuhelimia sek�� niiden Internet-selaimia, jotka rajoittavat WWW-asiakaspalvelun toteutuksessa k��ytettyj�� toteutustekniikkavaihtoehtoja. Lopuksi esitell����n toteutettujen ohjelmistojen sis��ist�� rakennetta ja toimintaa.

Stabilization of the ionic form of weak acid cation exchange resins

Weak acid cation exchange (WAC) resins are used in the chromatographic separation of betaine from vinasse, a by-product of sugar industry. The ionic form of the resin determines the elution time of betaine. When a WAC-resin is in hydrogen form, the retention time of betaine is the longest and betaine elutes as the last component of vi-nasse from the chromatographic column. If the feed solution contains salts and its pH is not acidic enough to keep the resin undissociated, the ionic form of the hydrogen form resin starts to alter. Vinasse contains salts and its pH is around 5, it also contains weak acids. To keep the metal ion content (Na/H ratio) of the resin low enough to ensure successful separation of betaine, acid has to be added to either eluent (water) or vinasse. The aim of the present work was to examine by laboratory experiments which option requires less acid. Also the retention mechanism of betaine was investigated by measuring retention volumes of acetic acid and choline in different Na/H ratios of the resin. It was found that the resulting ionic form of the resin is the same regardless of whether the regeneration acid is added to the eluent or the feed solution (vinasse). Be-sides the salt concentration and the pH of vinasse, also the concentration of weak acids in the feed affects the resulting ionic form of the resin. The more buffering capacity vinasse has, the more acid is required to keep the ionic form of the resin desired. Vinasse was found to be quite strong buffer solution, which means relatively high amounts of acid are required to prevent the Na/H ratio from increasing too much. It is known that the retention volume of betaine decreases significantly, when the Na/H ratio increases. This is assumed to occur, because the amount of hydrogen bonds between the carboxylic groups of betaine and the resin decreases. Same behavior was not found with acetic acid. Choline has the same molecular structure as betaine, but instead of carboxylic group it has hydroxide group. The retention volume of choline increased as the Na/H ratio of the resin increased, because of the ion exchange reaction between choline cation and dissociated carboxylic group of the resin. Since the retention behavior of choline on the resin is opposite to the behavior of be-taine, the strong affinity of betaine towards hydrogen form WAC-resin has to be based on its carboxylic group. It is probable that the quaternary ammonium groups also affect the behavior of the carboxylic groups of betaine, causing them to form hydrogen bonds with the carboxylic groups of the resin.

Context exchange between devices in mobile environment

Context awareness is emerging on mobile devices. Context awareness can be used to improve usability of a mobile device. Context awareness is particularly important on mobile devices due the limitations they have. At first in this work, a literature review on context awareness and mobile environment is made. For aiding context awareness there exist an implementation of a Context Framework for Symbian S60 devices. It provides a possibility for exchanging the contexts inside the device between the client applications of the local Context Framework. The main contribution of this thesis is to design and implement an enhancement to the S60 Context Framework for providing possibility to exchange context over device boundaries. Using the implemented Context Exchange System, the context exchange is neither depending on the type of the context nor the type of the client. In addition, the clients and the contexts can reside on any interconnected device. The usage of the system is independent of the programming language since in addition to using only Symbian C++ function interfaces it can also be utilized using XML scripts. The Meeting Sniffer application, which uses the Context Exchange System, was also developed in this work. Using this application, it is possible to recognize a meeting situation and suggest device profile change to a user.