8 resultados para Motor parameters

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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Thedirect torque control (DTC) has become an accepted vector control method besidethe current vector control. The DTC was first applied to asynchronous machines,and has later been applied also to synchronous machines. This thesis analyses the application of the DTC to permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). In order to take the full advantage of the DTC, the PMSM has to be properly dimensioned. Therefore the effect of the motor parameters is analysed taking the control principle into account. Based on the analysis, a parameter selection procedure is presented. The analysis and the selection procedure utilize nonlinear optimization methods. The key element of a direct torque controlled drive is the estimation of the stator flux linkage. Different estimation methods - a combination of current and voltage models and improved integration methods - are analysed. The effect of an incorrect measured rotor angle in the current model is analysed andan error detection and compensation method is presented. The dynamic performance of an earlier presented sensorless flux estimation method is made better by improving the dynamic performance of the low-pass filter used and by adapting the correction of the flux linkage to torque changes. A method for the estimation ofthe initial angle of the rotor is presented. The method is based on measuring the inductance of the machine in several directions and fitting the measurements into a model. The model is nonlinear with respect to the rotor angle and therefore a nonlinear least squares optimization method is needed in the procedure. A commonly used current vector control scheme is the minimum current control. In the DTC the stator flux linkage reference is usually kept constant. Achieving the minimum current requires the control of the reference. An on-line method to perform the minimization of the current by controlling the stator flux linkage reference is presented. Also, the control of the reference above the base speed is considered. A new estimation flux linkage is introduced for the estimation of the parameters of the machine model. In order to utilize the flux linkage estimates in off-line parameter estimation, the integration methods are improved. An adaptive correction is used in the same way as in the estimation of the controller stator flux linkage. The presented parameter estimation methods are then used in aself-commissioning scheme. The proposed methods are tested with a laboratory drive, which consists of a commercial inverter hardware with a modified software and several prototype PMSMs.

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Työssä tutkitaan nopeusanturittoman vaihtovirtakäytön skalaarisia ohjaus- ja säätömenetelmiä. Työn alussa esitetään perusteoriat taajuusmuuttajista ja oikosulkumoottoreista. Tämän jälkeen esitellään yleisimmin kirjallisuudessa esiintyneet skalaariohjaukset ja –säädöt. Vektorisäätöä ja erityisesti moottoriparametrien vaikutusta säädön toimivuuteen esitellään lyhyesti. Työn tavoitteena on ACS800 taajuusmuuttajan skalaarisäädön tutkiminen. ACS800:n nykyinen skalaarisäätö on liian sidoksissa vektorisäätöön, joten simulointien ja kirjallisuustutkimuksen tarkoituksena on täysin vektorisäädöstä eriytetyn skalaarisäädön kehitysmahdollisuuksien tutkiminen. Kirjallisuudessa esiintyneiden säätöjen avulla muodostetaan diskreettiaikainen toteutus skalaarisäädölle vaihtovirtakäytössä, jossa on käytössä virran ja välipiirijännitteen takaisinkytkentä. Säädettävää moottoria mallinnetaan jatkuvaaikaisella L-sijaiskytkennällä. Välipiirin mallinnus toimii myös jatkuva-aikaisena lukuun ottamatta välipiirin tasavirtakomponenttia, joka muodostetaan virran takaisinkytkennän ja PWM-modulaattorin kytkinasentojen avulla. Simuloinnin tarkoituksena on mallintaa skalaarisäädön suurimpia ongelmia, kuten virta- ja välijännitesäätöä. Tuloksista voidaan päätellä, että perussäädöt toimivat moitteettomasti, mutta erityisesti virtasäätöä tulisi kehittää.

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During the latest few years the need for new motor types has grown, since both high efficiency and an accurate dynamic performance are demanded in industrial applications. For this reason, new effective control systems such as direct torque control (DTC) have been developed. Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) are well suitable for new adjustable speed AC inverter drives, because their efficiency and power factor are not depending on the pole pair number and speed to the same extent as it is the case in induction motors. Therefore, an induction motor (IM) with a mechanical gearbox can often be replaced with a direct PM motor drive. Space as well as costs will be saved, because the efficiency increases and the cost of maintenance decreases as well. This thesis deals with design criterion, analytical calculation and analysis of the permanent magnet synchronous motor for both sinusoidal air-gap flux density and rectangular air-gapflux density. It is examined how the air-gap flux, flux densities, inductances and torque can be estimated analytically for salient pole and non-salient pole motors. It has been sought by means of analytical calculations for the ultimate construction for machines rotating at relative low 300 rpm to 600 rpm speeds, which are suitable speeds e.g. in Pulp&Paper industry. The calculations are verified by using Finite Element calculations and by measuring of prototype motor. The prototype motor is a 45 kW, 600 rpm PMSM with buried V-magnets, which is a very appropriate construction for high torque motors with a high performance. With the purposebuilt prototype machine it is possible not only to verify the analytical calculations but also to show whether the 600 rpm PMSM can replace the 1500 rpm IM with a gear. It can also be tested if the outer dimensions of the PMSM may be the same as for the IM and if the PMSM in this case can produce a 2.5 fold torque, in consequence of which it may be possible to achieve the same power. The thesis also considers the question how to design a permanent magnet synchronous motor for relatively low speed applications that require a high motor torqueand efficiency as well as bearable costs of permanent magnet materials. It is shown how a selection of different parameters affects the motor properties. Key words: Permanent magnet synchronous motor, PMSM, surface magnets, buried magnets

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The main purpose of this thesis is to measure and evaluate how accurately the current energy saving calculation in ABB’s new variable speed drive ACS850 works. The main topic of this thesis is energy-efficiency parameters. At the beginning of this thesis centrifugal pump, squirrel cage motor and variable speed drive, including some equations related to them, are being introduced. Also methods of throttling control and variable speed drive control of centrifugal pumps are being introduced. These subjects are introduced because the energy saving calculation in ACS850 is related to the centrifugal pumps usually driven by squirrel cage motors. The theory also includes short section about specific energy of pumping. Before measurements the current energy saving calculation of ACS850 is being introduced and analyzed. The measurements part includes introduction of measuring equipment, measurement results, summary and analysis of the measurements. At the end of this thesis a proposal for an improvement to the current energy saving calculation is being introduced and few proposals are made for new energy-efficiency parameters, which could be added to variable speed drives. At the end are also thoughts

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Synchronous machines with an AC converter are used mainly in large drives, for example in ship propulsion drives as well as in rolling mill drives in steel industry. These motors are used because of their high efficiency, high overload capacity and good performance in the field weakening area. Present day drives for electrically excited synchronous motors are equipped with position sensors. Most drives for electrically excited synchronous motors will be equipped with position sensors also in future. This kind of drives with good dynamics are mainly used in metal industry. Drives without a position sensor can be used e.g. in ship propulsion and in large pump and blower drives. Nowadays, these drives are equipped with a position sensor, too. The tendency is to avoid a position sensor if possible, since a sensor reduces the reliability of the drive and increases costs (latter is not very significant for large drives). A new control technique for a synchronous motor drive is a combination of the Direct Flux Linkage Control (DFLC) based on a voltage model and a supervising method (e.g. current model). This combination is called Direct Torque Control method (DTC). In the case of the position sensorless drive, the DTC can be implemented by using other supervising methods that keep the stator flux linkage origin centered. In this thesis, a method for the observation of the drift of the real stator flux linkage in the DTC drive is introduced. It is also shown how this method can be used as a supervising method that keeps the stator flux linkage origin centered in the case of the DTC. In the position sensorless case, a synchronous motor can be started up with the DTC control, when a method for the determination of the initial rotor position presented in this thesis is used. The load characteristics of such a drive are not very good at low rotational speeds. Furthermore, continuous operation at a zero speed and at a low rotational speed is not possible, which is partly due to the problems related to the flux linkage estimate. For operation in a low speed area, a stator current control method based on the DFLC modulator (DMCQ is presented. With the DMCC, it is possible to start up and operate a synchronous motor at a zero speed and at low rotational speeds in general. The DMCC is necessary in situations where high torque (e.g. nominal torque) is required at the starting moment, or if the motor runs several seconds at a zero speed or at a low speed range (up to 2 Hz). The behaviour of the described methods is shown with test results. The test results are presented for the direct flux linkage and torque controlled test drive system with a 14.5 kVA, four pole salient pole synchronous motor with a damper winding and electric excitation. The static accuracy of the drive is verified by measuring the torque in a static load operation, and the dynamics of the drive is proven in load transient tests. The performance of the drive concept presented in this work is sufficient e.g. for ship propulsion and for large pump drives. Furthermore, the developed methods are almost independent of the machine parameters.

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Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kuvata alle 1 500 gramman painoisena syntyneiden keskoslasten motorista kehitystä kolmen, kuuden ja kahdentoista kuukauden korjatussa iässä, sekä tuoda esille mahdollisia motorisen kehityksen yhteisiä piirteitä Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) -testistöllä arvioituna. Työ toteutettiin yhteistyössä Lasten ja nuorten sairauksien toimialan fysioterapian yksikön kanssa, jossa keskoslasten motorisen kehityksen arviointi AIMS-testistöllä oli toteutettu vuosina 2005 - 2006. Idea opinnäytetyöhön syntyi yhteisten keskusteluiden pohjalta fysioterapeuttien kanssa. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli analysoida ja koota yhteenveto Lasten ja nuorten sairauksien toimialalle heidän tutkimastaan aineistosta. Työ oli luonteeltaan kuvaileva kvantitatiivinen tutkimus valmiiksi saadun aineiston pohjalta. Aineisto koostui yhteensä 109 keskoslapsen AIMS-testistön arviointilomakkeista. Keskoslapsista 54 oli kolmen kuukauden, 42 kuuden kuukauden ja 13 kahdentoista kuukauden korjatussa iässä. Tulokset analysoitiin käyttämällä SPSS 13.0 Windows Release-tilasto-ohjelmaa ja tulokset esitettiin taulukoiden ja kuvioiden avulla. Tiedonkeruumenetelminä käytimme kirjallisuuden lisäksi uusimpia tutkimusartikkeleita sekä asiantuntijahaastattelua. Kolmen kuukauden ikäisistä keskoslapsista 51 sijoittui AIMS-testistön motorista kehitystä kuvaaville käyrille. Kolme lasta jäi käyrien alapuolelle. Kuuden kuukauden ikäisten keskoslasten kokonaispistemäärissä oli enemmän hajontaa. 15 lasta jäi AIMS-testistön motorista kehitystä kuvaavien käyrien alapuolelle. Kahdentoista kuukauden ikäisistä lapsista yhdeksän sijoittui motorista kehitystä kuvaaville käyrille ja neljä lasta jäi käyrien alapuolelle. Yhteisenä piirteenä kaikilta kolmen kuukauden ikäisiltä ja 14 kuuden kuukauden ikäiseltä lapselta puuttui taito tukeutua yläraajoihin istuma-asennossa (Sitting With Propped Arms). Tutkimustulosten perusteella kolmen kuukauden ikäisten keskoslasten motorinen kehitys oli valtaosalla (51/54) ikätasoista. Kuuden ja kahdentoista kuukauden ikäisten keskoslasten motorisessa kehityksessä yksilölliset erot olivat suurempia. Tutkimusjoukkomme keskoslapsista motorinen kehitys oli ikätasoa heikompaa 22 keskoslapsella. Lasten ja nuorten sairauksien toimiala saa käyttöönsä työmme tulokset, joita voidaan hyödyntää keskoslasten motorisen kehityksen seurannassa sekä fysioterapian kehittämisessä. Työmme lisää AIMS-testistön tunnettavuutta ja siitä on myös laajemmin hyötyä lasten parissa työskenteleville fysioterapeuteille.

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Selostus: Ravihevosten jalostettavia ominaisuuksia kuvaavien kilpailumittojen perinnölliset tunnusluvut

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Selostus: Sian kasvuominaisuuksien perinnölliset tunnusluvut arvioituna kolmannen asteen polynomifunktion avulla