6 resultados para Lipoarabinomanana (LAM)
em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland
Resumo:
English abstract
Resumo:
Kirjallisuusarvostelu
Resumo:
Laser additive manufacturing (LAM), known also as 3D printing, has gained a lot of interest in past recent years within various industries, such as medical and aerospace industries. LAM enables fabrication of complex 3D geometries by melting metal powder layer by layer with laser beam. Research in laser additive manufacturing has been focused in development of new materials and new applications in past 10 years. Since this technology is on cutting edge, efficiency of manufacturing process is in center role of research of this industry. Aim of this thesis is to characterize methods for process efficiency improvements in laser additive manufacturing. The aim is also to clarify the effect of process parameters to the stability of the process and in microstructure of manufactured pieces. Experimental tests of this thesis were made with various process parameters and their effect on build pieces has been studied, when additive manufacturing was performed with a modified research machine representing EOSINT M-series and with EOS EOSINT M280. Material used was stainless steel 17-4 PH. Also, some of the methods for process efficiency improvements were tested. Literature review of this thesis presents basics of laser additive manufacturing, methods for improve the process efficiency and laser beam – material- interaction. It was observed that there are only few public studies about process efficiency of laser additive manufacturing of stainless steel. According to literature, it is possible to improve process efficiency with higher power lasers and thicker layer thicknesses. The process efficiency improvement is possible if the effect of process parameter changes in manufactured pieces is known. According to experiments carried out in this thesis, it was concluded that process parameters have major role in single track formation in laser additive manufacturing. Rough estimation equations were created to describe the effect of input parameters to output parameters. The experimental results showed that the WDA (width-depth-area of cross-sections of single track) is correlating exponentially with energy density input. The energy density input is combination of the input parameters of laser power, laser beam spot diameter and scan speed. The use of skin-core technique enables improvement of process efficiency as the core of the part is manufactured with higher laser power and thicker layer thickness and the skin with lower laser power and thinner layer thickness in order to maintain high resolution. In this technique the interface between skin and core must have overlapping in order to achieve full dense parts. It was also noticed in this thesis that keyhole can be formed in LAM process. It was noticed that the threshold intensity value of 106 W/cm2 was exceeded during the tests. This means that in these tests the keyhole formation was possible.
Resumo:
Esitys KDK-käytettävyystyöryhmän järjestämässä seminaarissa: Miten käyttäjien toiveet haastavat metatietokäytäntöjämme? / How users' expectations challenge our metadata practices? 30.9.2014.
Resumo:
Laser additive manufacturing (LAM), known also as 3D printing, is a powder bed fusion (PBF) type of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used to manufacture metal parts layer by layer by assist of laser beam. The development of the technology from building just prototype parts to functional parts is due to design flexibility. And also possibility to manufacture tailored and optimised components in terms of performance and strength to weight ratio of final parts. The study of energy and raw material consumption in LAM is essential as it might facilitate the adoption and usage of the technique in manufacturing industries. The objective this thesis was find the impact of LAM on environmental and economic aspects and to conduct life cycle inventory of CNC machining and LAM in terms of energy and raw material consumption at production phases. Literature overview in this thesis include sustainability issues in manufacturing industries with focus on environmental and economic aspects. Also life cycle assessment and its applicability in manufacturing industry were studied. UPLCI-CO2PE! Initiative was identified as mostly applied exiting methodology to conduct LCI analysis in discrete manufacturing process like LAM. Many of the reviewed literature had focused to PBF of polymeric material and only few had considered metallic materials. The studies that had included metallic materials had only measured input and output energy or materials of the process and compared to different AM systems without comparing to any competitive process. Neither did any include effect of process variation when building metallic parts with LAM. Experimental testing were carried out to make dissimilar samples with CNC machining and LAM in this thesis. Test samples were designed to include part complexity and weight reductions. PUMA 2500Y lathe machine was used in the CNC machining whereas a modified research machine representing EOSINT M-series was used for the LAM. The raw material used for making the test pieces were stainless steel 316L bar (CNC machined parts) and stainless steel 316L powder (LAM built parts). An analysis of power, time, and the energy consumed in each of the manufacturing processes on production phase showed that LAM utilises more energy than CNC machining. The high energy consumption was as result of duration of production. Energy consumption profiles in CNC machining showed fluctuations with high and low power ranges. LAM energy usage within specific mode (standby, heating, process, sawing) remained relatively constant through the production. CNC machining was limited in terms of manufacturing freedom as it was not possible to manufacture all the designed sample by machining. And the one which was possible was aided with large amount of material removed as waste. Planning phase in LAM was shorter than in CNC machining as the latter required many preparation steps. Specific energy consumption (SEC) were estimated in LAM based on the practical results and assumed platform utilisation. The estimated platform utilisation showed SEC could reduce when more parts were placed in one build than it was in with the empirical results in this thesis (six parts).
Resumo:
Tämän selvityksen tavoitteena oli laatia käytettävissä olevaa mittaustietoa ja maastokäyntejä hyödyntäen asiantuntija-arviona kokonaisnäkemys Helsingin seudun pääväylien ruuhkautuvuudesta. Analyysiin haettiin LAM-tietokannasta pääväylien pisteistä vuosien 2003 ja 2010 jokaisen tunnin liikennemäärä ja keskinopeus ajosuunnittain. Lisäksi LAM-aineistoa yhdisteltiin Liikenneviraston keli- ja häiriötietoihin. LAM -pisteiden mittaustietojen perusteella on ruuhkattomien päivien määrä vähentynyt selvästi vuoden 2003 jälkeen. Ruuhkattomat päivät ovat vähentyneet noin puolessa mittauspisteistä sekä aamu- että iltaruuhkassa. Ruuhkat ovat muuttuneet vakavammiksi. Lähes kaikissa mittauspisteissä, joissa ruuhkattomat päivät vähenivät, kasvoi myös vakavampien ruuhkien määrä. Aamuliikenteessä ruuhkautuminen on lisääntynyt varsinkin Kehä I:llä sekä säteittäisväylillä Kehä III:n sisäpuolella. Iltapäiväliikenteessä ruuhkautuminen on yleisempää kehäteillä kuin säteittäisväylillä. Vakavat ruuhkat keskittyvät säteittäisväylillä yksittäisten liittymien yhteydessä sijaitseviin pullonkauloihin ja väylien päätepisteisiin katuverkolle saavuttaessa. Kehä III:n ulkopuolella suuret nopeushajonnat alkavat aiheuttaa ruuhkia myös linjaosuuksille väylillä, joiden liikennemäärä on lähellä kapasiteettia. Ruuhkautuminen on yleisintä marras-, joulu- ja tammikuussa, jolloin olosuhteet näyttävät lisäävän erityisesti lieviä ruuhkia. Huonolla talvikelillä ruuhkautuvien tuntien osuus kasvaa hieman ja erittäin huonolla talvikelillä ruuhkautuminen on kaksi kertaa todennäköisempää kuin normaalilla kelillä. Huonon kelin vaikutus näkyy voimakkaasti varsinkin pisteissä, joiden liikennemäärä on lähellä tien kapasiteettia. Ruuhkautumisen riskiä huonoilla keleillä lisää se, että huonon ja erittäin huonon ajokelin aikana häiriöriski on suurempi kuin normaalin talvikelin aikana. Toimenpidesuosituksena esitettiin säteittäisväylien lisäkaistoja pahimmin ruuhkautuneilla liittymäväleillä Kehä I:n ja Kehä III:n välillä. Toimenpiteiden suunnittelussa tulee huomioida, että käynnissä olevien Kehä I:n ja Kehä III:n työmaiden valmistuminen voi muuttaa ruuhkautumistilannetta huomattavasti. Kehä III:n ulkopuolella säteittäisten pääväylien linjaosuuksien ruuhkautumista voidaan vähentää toteuttamalla vaihtuvia nopeusrajoituksia. Nopeusrajoitusten laskemisen lisäksi raskaan liikenteen ohituskiellot ruuhka-aikoina vähentäisivät nopeushajontaa ja voisivat siten vähentää ruuhkia sekä säteittäisväylillä että kehäteillä.