Muon detector link system test set-up

CERNin tutkimuskeskuksen rakenteilla olevan hadronikiihdyttimen eräs tarkoitus on todistaa Higgsin bosonin olemassaolo. Higgsin bosonin löytyminen yhtenäistäisi nykyisen hiukkasfysiikan teorian ja antaisi selityksen sille kuinka hiukkaset saavat massansa. Kiihdyttimen CMS koeasema on tarkoitettu erityisesti myonien ilmaisuun. Tämä työ liittyy CMS koeaseman RPC-ilmaisintyypin linkkijärjestelmään, jonka tarkoituksena on käsitellä ilmaisimelta tulevia myonien aiheuttamia signaaleja ja lähettää tiedot tärkeäksi katsotuista törmäystapahtumista tallennettavaksi analysointia varten. Työssä on toteutettu linkkijärjestelmän ohjaus- ja linkkikorteille testiympäristö, jolla voidaan todeta järjestelmän eri osien keskinäinen yhteensopivuus ja toimivuus. Työn alkuosassa esitellään ilmaisimen linkkijärjestelmän eri osat ja niiden merkitykset. Työn loppuosassa käydään läpi eri testimenetelmiä ja analysoidaan niiden antamia tuloksia.

Muon Detector Link System Test Setup Software

Euroopan hiukkastutkimuslaitoksen CERNin rakenteilla olevan LHC-hiukkaskiihdyttimen CMS-koeasema on tarkoitettu erityisesti myonin ilmaisuun. Tässä työssä on esitelty CMS-koeaseman RPC-ilmaisintyypin linkkijärjestelmä ja sen testaamiseen tarkoitetut laitteet sekä laitteiden testaamiseen tarvittavat ohjelmistot. Työssä on selvitetty ohjelmien toimivuus ja keskinäinen yhteensopivuus.

Analysis of the voltage source inverter with small DC-link capacitor

IIn electric drives, frequency converters are used to generatefor the electric motor the AC voltage with variable frequency and amplitude. When considering the annual sale of drives in values of money and units sold, the use of low-performance drives appears to be in predominant. These drives have tobe very cost effective to manufacture and use, while they are also expected to fulfill the harmonic distortion standards. One of the objectives has also been to extend the lifetime of the frequency converter. In a traditional frequency converter, a relatively large electrolytic DC-link capacitor is used. Electrolytic capacitors are large, heavy and rather expensive components. In many cases, the lifetime of the electrolytic capacitor is the main factor limiting the lifetime of the frequency converter. To overcome the problem, the electrolytic capacitor is replaced with a metallized polypropylene film capacitor (MPPF). The MPPF has improved properties when compared to the electrolytic capacitor. By replacing the electrolytic capacitor with a film capacitor the energy storage of the DC-linkwill be decreased. Thus, the instantaneous power supplied to the motor correlates with the instantaneous power taken from the network. This yields a continuousDC-link current fed by the diode rectifier bridge. As a consequence, the line current harmonics clearly decrease. Because of the decreased energy storage, the DC-link voltage fluctuates. This sets additional conditions to the controllers of the frequency converter to compensate the fluctuation from the supplied motor phase voltages. In this work three-phase and single-phase frequency converters with small DC-link capacitor are analyzed. The evaluation is obtained with simulations and laboratory measurements.

Careers of Managers, Comparison between ICT and Paper Business Sectors

The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how the managers build their early career in information and communication technology industry (ICT business sector) and pulp- and paper industry (paper business sector). The focus of the study is to explore the importance differing a business sectors have in influencing managerial careers. Business sectors can affect careers in several ways.Sectors have different history and traditions. Also the age structure of ICT personnel differs from the age structure of personnel in the paper industry. Managers in the ICT and paper sector are technically educated but in different disciplines. Differences exist also in ways of recruiting and developing commitment inpersonnel. The target group of this research, middle management engineering personnel, work in Finnish ICT and paper companies. Research data were gathered in April-December 2002 in South-Karelia by interviewing 30 managers and six directors working in three Finnish ICT companies and in three paper companies. The research issue is approached on two levels: the individual level and the organizational level. The managers related their career stories in focused interviews. Directors, representing the organizations, described the generalities of the business sector and gave background information on company policies, human relationshippractices, as well as career and human resource development. Results of the study contribute to research discussions of career, life-span reasoning, socialization and commitment. Career is conceived as a series of positions including everykind of hierarchical mobility and all kinds of positions in work. A manager's career develops in interaction with the organization and it can be seen as involving a socializing process in an organization as a consequence of experiences andchanges in positions. This research contributes to the understanding of the nature of career in the context of two business sectors. Universal career theories,for the most part, do not perceive the importance of business sector in determining career experience. This study concentrates on describing and understanding early careers in two different business areas, elements committing managers to particular business sectors and the actions of companies in that particular sector. While career research began in the middle of 1950s, the theoretical basis of career research seems to be quite fragmented still. However, a dichotomy is consistently presented between traditional, hierarchical career research and boundaryless career thinking. In this research we examine how these old and new career concepts are evidence in the ICT and paper sectors. Careers are changing from formal, hierarchy-based structures to more fluid arrangements. The new boundaryless career concept captures territory from old career thinking. Mobility between employers, networks, and changing hierarchical structures in organizations, as well as personal and family reasons are theorized to bring changes to careers patterns in the future. However, the pace of this change in careers will vary between the ICT and paper business sectors. Findings of this research indicate that business sector has an effect on how managerial careers develop. The environment where career is developed differs between ICT and paper sectors. Careers begin differently in the two environments and the speed of career progression is distinct. ICT careers are built within the business sector whereas paper careers are made inside one company. Also recruiting and socialization practices differ from one sector to the other.

Evaluation of GPRS Radio Link Control Layer in Weak RF Field

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) mahdollistaa pakettimuotoisen tiedonsiirron GSM-verkossa. Se tarjoaa yhteyden pakettidataverkkoihin, nostaen samalla tiedonsiirtonopeutta radiorajapinnassa. Radioresurssit ovat varattuna vain silloin kun on jotain lähetettävää, tehden täten radioresurssien käytön paljon tehokkaammaksi. Tämä diplomityö keskittyy GPRS protokollaan ja erityisesti sen datapinossa olevaan Radio Link Control (RLC) kerrokseen. RLC-kerros huolehtii GPRS- puhelimen ja tukiaseman välisen yhteyden luotettavuudesta. Työn tavoitteena on tutkia RLC-kerroksen toiminnallisuutta ja sen luotettavuutta heikossa kentässä, sekä selvittää heikon kentän vaikutusta uudelleenlähetyksiin. Työn tuloksena saadaan arvio signaalin voimakkuuden sekä uudelleen lähetysten vaikutuksesta GPRS:n datansiirtonopeuteen. Tämä työ käsittelee myös lyhyesti GSM-järjestelmää, koska lukijan on näin helpompaa ymmärtää myös GPRS-järjestelmän vaatimia teknisiä muutoksia. Tämä diplomityö on tehty osana Nokia Matkapuhelimet Oyj:ssä käynnissä olevaa GPRS tuotekehitysprojektia. Työn tuloksia käytetään testauksen tukena ja niitä on käytetty apuna RLC-kerroksen luotettavuustestauksen suunnittelussa.

Particle detector link system modifications in RE1/1 sector

The large hadron collider constructed at the European organization for nuclear research, CERN, is the world’s largest single measuring instrument ever built, and also currently the most powerful particle accelerator that exists. The large hadron collider includes six different experiment stations, one of which is called the compact muon solenoid, or the CMS. The main purpose of the CMS is to track and study residue particles from proton-proton collisions. The primary detectors utilized in the CMS are resistive plate chambers (RPCs). To obtain data from these detectors, a link system has been designed. The main idea of the link system is to receive data from the detector front-end electronics in parallel form, and to transmit it onwards in serial form, via an optical fiber. The system is mostly ready and in place. However, a problem has occurred with innermost RPC detectors, located in sector labeled RE1/1; transmission lines for parallel data suffer from signal integrity issues over long distances. As a solution to this, a new version of the link system has been devised, a one that fits in smaller space and can be located within the CMS, closer to the detectors. This RE1/1 link system has been so far completed only partially, with just the mechanical design and casing being done. In this thesis, link system electronics for RE1/1 sector has been designed, by modifying the existing link system concept to better meet the requirements of the RE1/1 sector. In addition to completion of the prototype of the RE1/1 link system electronics, some testing for the system has also been done, to ensure functionality of the design.

Trigger and data link system for CMS Resistive Plate Chambers at the LHC accelerator

The purpose of the work was to realize a high-speed digital data transfer system for RPC muon chambers in the CMS experiment on CERN’s new LHC accelerator. This large scale system took many years and many stages of prototyping to develop, and required the participation of tens of people. The system interfaces to Frontend Boards (FEB) at the 200,000-channel detector and to the trigger and readout electronics in the control room of the experiment. The distance between these two is about 80 metres and the speed required for the optic links was pushing the limits of available technology when the project was started. Here, as in many other aspects of the design, it was assumed that the features of readily available commercial components would develop in the course of the design work, just as they did. By choosing a high speed it was possible to multiplex the data from some the chambers into the same fibres to reduce the number of links needed. Further reduction was achieved by employing zero suppression and data compression, and a total of only 660 optical links were needed. Another requirement, which conflicted somewhat with choosing the components a late as possible was that the design needed to be radiation tolerant to an ionizing dose of 100 Gy and to a have a moderate tolerance to Single Event Effects (SEEs). This required some radiation test campaigns, and eventually led to ASICs being chosen for some of the critical parts. The system was made to be as reconfigurable as possible. The reconfiguration needs to be done from a distance as the electronics is not accessible except for some short and rare service breaks once the accelerator starts running. Therefore reconfigurable logic is extensively used, and the firmware development for the FPGAs constituted a sizable part of the work. Some special techniques needed to be used there too, to achieve the required radiation tolerance. The system has been demonstrated to work in several laboratory and beam tests, and now we are waiting to see it in action when the LHC will start running in the autumn 2008.

Making Sense of Women Managers’ Identities through the Constructions of Managerial Career and Gender

This doctoral thesis is about gendered managerial identity construction of women managers. Finnish women managers have been researched from the viewpoints of equality and discrimination issues, careers, and women’s overall positions in work life. However, managerial identity has remained as an unexplored territory. The phenomenon is approached discourse analytically; an interview material that is gathered from 13 women managers in the South-Karelian region is in focus. By studying discourses it is possible to open up understandings how meanings are given to experiences. Women managers’ identity construction is examined from the perspectives of managerial career, managerial practices, and gender. Gender is a meta-concept in this research, as it so profoundly affects our sense of being and acting, although the meaning of it often remains undervalued, invisible, or even denied. This research shows that gender becomes highly visible in managerial contexts, when it is used for some specific purpose, that is, treated as a strategy. By studying women managers it is possible to demystify often so abstract managerial ideals, and open up their taken-for-granted masculine subtexts. It is argued that from the point of view of conducting managerial work, the meaning of self-knowledge appears as critical.

Contextuality in SME Ownership – Studies on Owner-managers’ Ownership Behavior

The purpose of this study is to deepen the understanding of the meaning of ownership in the context of small and medium sized businesses. The research on ownership has increased and widened during the last few years. Ownership is treated increasingly as a psychological phenomenon and it has been noticed that it is common for SME ownermanagers to be mentally linked to their firms. Previous research is suggesting that the central role of an owner-manager in an SME is specifying the concept of SMEs, and that ownership is creating a great heterogeneity within SMEs. This study suggests that there is a variation whitin ownership behaviour of small business owners, and the variation is not totally random or irrational, but following the general patterns of business ownership and of doing business on an SME level. This study is a concept analytical in nature and it builds on the theoretical clarification of the concept of ownership. The theoretical consideration concludes with proposing a definition of ownership: Ownership means a subject’s relatively sustaining position of control in regard to an object. The empirical part of this study consists of five articles, out of which one is conceptual and four are empirical in nature. The notion of contextuality of ownership and the notions of SME characteristics form the basic premise of this study and the theoretical basis for the publications. From the owner-managers point of view, ownership relates the owner also to his or her environment and therefore also to the valuations of the owner-managers. This means that all the dimensions are not equally valued, but certain dimensions in his or her ownership are more important. The presented empirical research is supporting the claim that there is a variation whitin ownership behaviour of small business owners. When bringing the definition of ownership onto a personal and psychological level and into the SME context, it was noticed that ownership is not only a closed system phenomenon occurring between the owner and object owned, but it is also elementarily connected to the environment. Ownership - along with the psychological side of it - is a contextual phenomenon where the fundamental factor is the relatively sustaining position of control with regard to an object. As a contribution of the study, this definition is bringing a new point of view to the discussion on SMEs, SME strategic behaviour and family businesses. The study concludes with pointing out directions for future research.

Modeling and Analysis of Noise and Interconnects for On-Chip Communication Link Design

This thesis considers modeling and analysis of noise and interconnects in onchip communication. Besides transistor count and speed, the capabilities of a modern design are often limited by on-chip communication links. These links typically consist of multiple interconnects that run parallel to each other for long distances between functional or memory blocks. Due to the scaling of technology, the interconnects have considerable electrical parasitics that affect their performance, power dissipation and signal integrity. Furthermore, because of electromagnetic coupling, the interconnects in the link need to be considered as an interacting group instead of as isolated signal paths. There is a need for accurate and computationally effective models in the early stages of the chip design process to assess or optimize issues affecting these interconnects. For this purpose, a set of analytical models is developed for on-chip data links in this thesis. First, a model is proposed for modeling crosstalk and intersymbol interference. The model takes into account the effects of inductance, initial states and bit sequences. Intersymbol interference is shown to affect crosstalk voltage and propagation delay depending on bus throughput and the amount of inductance. Next, a model is proposed for the switching current of a coupled bus. The model is combined with an existing model to evaluate power supply noise. The model is then applied to reduce both functional crosstalk and power supply noise caused by a bus as a trade-off with time. The proposed reduction method is shown to be effective in reducing long-range crosstalk noise. The effects of process variation on encoded signaling are then modeled. In encoded signaling, the input signals to a bus are encoded using additional signaling circuitry. The proposed model includes variation in both the signaling circuitry and in the wires to calculate the total delay variation of a bus. The model is applied to study level-encoded dual-rail and 1-of-4 signaling. In addition to regular voltage-mode and encoded voltage-mode signaling, current-mode signaling is a promising technique for global communication. A model for energy dissipation in RLC current-mode signaling is proposed in the thesis. The energy is derived separately for the driver, wire and receiver termination.

Influence of Link Structure on Search Engine Result Pages of Online Nursery Shops

The primary objective of this thesis is to assess how the backlink portfolio structure and off site Search Engine Optimisation (SEO) elements influence ranking of UK based online nursery shops. The growth of the internet use demanded significant effort from companies to optimize and increase their online presence in order to cope with the increasing online competition. The new e-Commerce technology - called Search Engine Optimisation - has been developed that helped increase website visibility of companies. The SEO process involves on site elements (i.e. changing the parameters of the company's website such as keywords, title tags and meta descriptions) and off site elements (link building and social media marketing activity). Link Building is based on several steps of marketing planning including keyword research and competitor analysis. The underlying goal of keyword research is to understand the targeted market through identifying relevant keyword queries that are used by targeted costumer group. In the analysis, three types (geographic, field and company’s strategy related) and seven sources of keywords has been identified and used as a base of analysis. Following the determination of the most popular keywords, allinanchor and allintitle search has been conducted and the first ten results of the searches have been collected to identify the companies with the most significant web presence among the nursery shops. Finally, Link Profiling has been performed where the essential goal was to understand to what extent other companies' link structure is different that the base company's backlinks. Significant difference has been found that distinguished the top three companies ranking in the allinanchor and allintitle search. The top three companies, „Mothercare”, „Mamas and Papas” and „Kiddicare” maintained significantly better metrics regarding domain and page authority on the main landing pages, the average number of outbound links for link portfolio metric and in number of backlinks. These companies also ranked among the highest in page authority distribution and followed external linking.

Open > Link > GO! Datan avaamisesta kirjastomaailmassa/-lla

Esitys Kirjastoverkkopäivillä 25.10.2012 Helsingissä

Projektin suunnittelu ja johtaminen julkishallinnon organisaatiossa

Työn tavoitteena on tutkia projektisuunnittelun ja projektijohtamisen perusteiden toteutu-mista projektityöskentelyssä julkishallinnon organisaatiossa. Tutkimuksen ydin on tunnistaa projektisuunnitelman, muutoshallinnan ja projektipäällikön osaamisen sekä johtamis-käyttäytymisen merkitys projektin onnistumisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimus käsittää projektihallinnan kokonaisuutena, jota toteutetaan suunnittelun, toimin-nan ja johtamisen vuoropuhelussa. Tutkimuksessa verrataan kirjallisuudesta esitettyä pro-jektisuunnittelun ja johtamisen teoriaa Liikenneviraston projektihallinnan ohjeistukseen, mallipohjiin ja kokemukseen projektipäällikön johtamiskäyttäytymisestä. Johtopäätöksinä esitetään Liikenneviraston projektiohjeistuksen kehittämiskohteet sekä Liikenneviraston projektijohtamisen kulttuurissa hyviksi johtajaominaisuuksiksi koetut projektipäällikön ominaisuudet. Keskeisenä havaintona tunnistetaan projektityöskentelyn kehämäinen luonne ja siitä aiheutuva jatkuvan suunnittelun, arvioinnin ja johtamisen tarve.

Link-16 -järjestelmän käyttö puolustusvoimissa

Kehitys tietotekniikan puolella on viime vuosina ollut huimaa. Tämä on näkynyt kaikkialla yhteiskunnassa, muun muassa digitelevision esiinmarssina. Myös ilmailussa, sekä siviili- että sotilasilmailussa, on ryhdytty kartoittamaan uuden tekniikan hyväksikäyttömahdollisuuksia. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tarkastella, miten NATO:n käyttämää datalinkkijärjestelmää, Link-16 -järjestelmää, voitaisiin käyttää Suomen Puolustusvoimien yhteisoperaatioissa sekä ilmavoimien omissa operaatioissa. Yhteisoperaation datalinkkijärjestelmälle asettamia vaatimuksia on pyritty kartoittamaan sovelletun vaatimusmäärittelyn menetelmin. Näin ollen työssä on pureuduttu vähän myös yhteisoperaatioihin ja niiden perusteisiin. Link-16 - järjestelmän ominaisuuksia on verrattu vaatimusmäärittelyn tuottamiin vaatimuksiin, minkä kautta on saatu kuva järjestelmän käyttökelpoisuudesta. Työssä on pohdittu myös, millaisia ongelmia Link-16 -järjestelmän käyttöönotto Suomessa saattaisi aiheuttaa. Tuloksia tarkasteltaessa korostuu Link-16 -järjestelmän vaatima suunnittelu- ja hallinnointityö. Järjestelmän tarjoaman joustavan verkkosuunnittelun avulla voidaan luoda haluttuja verkkoja, mutta suunnittelussa pitää pyrkiä ottamaan huomioon kaikki mahdollisesti eteen tulevat tilanteet. Eri operaatioille pitää myös suunnitella eri viestiverkot. Ilmavoimien omille operaatioille saattaa muodostua ongelmaksi järjestelmän käyttömahdollisuusmoodeista johtuva varakoneen hankala käyttöönotto. Link-16 -järjestelmä käyttää samaa taajuuskaistaa kuin ilmailussa käytettävä Distance Measurement Equipment (DME) -järjestelmä. Tästä johtuen maailmalla on luotu tiettyjä sääntöjä, joiden puitteissa Link-16 -järjestelmien päätelaitteiden on toimittava, jotta ne eivät häiritsisi DME-laitteiden toimintaa. Kyseiset säännöt lisäävät entisestään Link-16 -käyttäjien hallinnollista työmäärää. Rajoituksista johtuen kaikkia operaatioita on suunniteltava ja johdettava tarkasti, jotta Link-16 -järjestelmälle asetetut EMC-rajoitukset eivät ylittyisi. Link- 16 -järjestelmän käyttö vaatii siis huomattavasti hallinnollista työtä. Suomen Ilmavoimat tutkii tällä hetkellä, minkälaisia organisatorisia muutoksia Link-16 -järjestelmän käyttöönotto ilmavoimille merkitsisi. Mikäli halutaan osallistua kansainvälisiin kriisinhallintaoperaatioihin yhdessä muiden NATO -maiden kanssa, Link-16 -järjestelmä on käytännössä pakollinen.