Ground beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) diversity in Finnish arable land

Appendix: Species of Carabidae and their total catch using pitfall-traps

[My Lady Hundon's Puffe]

Soitinnus: kitara.

'Egypti egyptiläisille!' : Wilfrid ja Anne Blunt vallankumouksellisen nationalismin tukijoina 1800-luvun alussa

Kirsi-Marja Tuominen

Improvements in the Assessment of Bacterial Viability and Killing

It is axiomatic that our planet is extensively inhabited by diverse micro-organisms such as bacteria, yet the absolute diversity of different bacterial species is widely held to be unknown. Different bacteria can be found from the depths of the oceans to the top of the mountains; even the air is more or less colonized by bacteria. Most bacteria are either harmless or even advantageous to human beings but there are also bacteria, which can cause severe infectious diseases or spoil the supplies intended for human consumption. Therefore, it is vitally important not only to be able to detect and enumerate bacteria but also to assess their viability and possible harmfulness. Whilst the growth of bacteria is remarkably fast under optimum conditions and easy to detect by cultural methods, most bacteria are believed to lie in stationary phase of growth in which the actual growth is ceased and thus bacteria may simply be undetectable by cultural techniques. Additionally, several injurious factors such as low and high temperature or deficiency of nutrients can turn bacteria into a viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) that cannot be detected by cultural methods. Thereby, various noncultural techniques developed for the assessment of bacterial viability and killing have widely been exploited in modern microbiology. However, only a few methods are suitable for kinetic measurements, which enable the real-time detection of bacterial growth and viability. The present study describes alternative methods for measuring bacterial viability and killing as well as detecting the effects of various antimicrobial agents on bacteria on a real-time basis. The suitability of bacterial (lux) and beetle (luc) luciferases as well as green fluorescent protein (GFP) to act as a marker of bacterial viability and cell growth was tested. In particular, a multiparameter microplate assay based on GFP-luciferase combination as well as a flow cytometric measurement based on GFP-PI combination were developed to perform divergent viability analyses. The results obtained suggest that the antimicrobial activities of various drugs against bacteria could be successfully measured using both of these methods. Specifically, the data reliability of flow cytometric viability analysis was notably improved as GFP was utilized in the assay. A fluoro-luminometric microplate assay enabled kinetic measurements, which significantly improved and accelerated the assessment of bacterial viability compared to more conventional viability assays such as plate counting. Moreover, the multiparameter assay made simultaneous detection of GFP fluorescence and luciferase bioluminescence possible and provided extensive information about multiple cellular parameters in single assay, thereby increasing the accuracy of the assessment of the kinetics of antimicrobial activities on target bacteria.

Karneval i klassrum – kunskap på hjul : en studie av elevers möten med clown analyserade med narrativ metod och poetisk etnografi

The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge about learning in and through art related to pupils’ study processes developing clown characters in secondary school. The pre understanding of this qualitative piece of micro ethnographic research is that the elaboration of clown has openness to play, creative activity and imagination. The art form clown inspires and motivates. The clown character creates a kind and friendly atmosphere, calls upon smile, which promotes learning. It is an art form promoting deep and personal reflection and evoking questions regarding identity formation. The pre understanding finally is that existential themes are brought to articulation in the art form clown. The problem formulation for the hermeneutic phenomenological study is an exploration of the meaning potential of an arts educational work with clown from the pupils’ as well as the teacher’s perspective. The study elaborates the following research questions: 1.) How are the pupils staging themselves in the work with clown? a) How are they constructing the clown character? b) How do they reflect upon their construction? c) What are the characteristics of the working process in the elaboration of clown? 2.) What is characteristic of the teacher’s contribution to the arts educational work? 3.) What is characteristic of the meaning making in the elaboration of clown? One group of 21 pupils and their drama teacher in a Swedish secondary school in six workshops (each one 90 minutes) elaborating the clown theme is the group under study through video observation, interviews, students’ logs and drawings, teacher log and researcher’s field notes. The theoretical framework comprises three perspectives on clown: a perspective on the culture of carnival, a drama education perspective and a performance perspective. Through a content analysis of texts about clown a set of characteristics for the clown is used as analytical concepts in the subsequent analysis of the pupils’ working process when they create three clown characters: August, the white clown and the bag lady. The results are presented as fictive narratives built on the video observations and the interviews. The presentation is brought to even more condensation through poetic ethnographic writing of haiku poems by the researcher. This ethnographic writing is idiomatic to the art form under study, and can be seen as a metaphorical meta commentary to the narratives. As a main result the researcher has developed a model describing the different aspects of the clown characters and the meaning potential of the clown as learning regarding exploration of identity and elaboration of existential questions regarding life, loneliness, love, religion and death.

Pulmallista monitieteisyyttä

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Säädyn ja sukupuolen mukainen. Uuden ajan alun englantilainen aateliskasvatus ja naisena olemisen rajat

Tämän tutkielma tarkastelee uuden ajan alun käsityksiä naiseudesta ja sitä, miten ajan aateliskasvatus ja koulutus kuvastivat näitä käsityksiä. Miten määriteltiin koulutettu nainen? Miten suhtauduttiin niin sanottuihin oppineisiin naisiin? Ja ennen kaikkea, mitä nämä seikat kertovat naiseuden määrittämisestä uuden ajan alussa? Koulutus ymmärretään tässä tutkielmassa laajasti tarkoittaen sekä kirjallista sivistystä että niitä käytännön taitoja, joita naiset tarvitsivat toimiakseen yhteiskunnassa ja perheensä jäseninä. Tähän jälkimmäiseen viitataan tutkielmassa kasvatuksen-käsitteellä. Tutkimus rajoittuu maantieteellisesti Englantiin. Uuden ajan alulla käsitetään väljästi ajanjakso 1500-luvulta 1700-luvun loppuun. Tutkimuksen fokuksessa on neljä englantilaista aatelisnaista 1600- ja 1700-luvuilta. Nämä naiset ovat lady Anne Clifford (1590–1676), lady Rachel Russell (1636–1723), lady Sarah Lennox (1745–1826) ja lady Mary Wortley Montagu (1689–1762). Alkuperäisaineistona käytetään kolmelta viimeksi mainitulta julkaistua kirjeenvaihtokokoelmaa ja ensin mainitulta julkaistua päiväkirjaa. Tutkielma sijoittuu tieteellisessä kentässä sukupuolihistorian alaan. Sukupuolta tarkastellaan historiallisesti muuttuvana käsitteenä. Vaikka biologisilla seikoilla oli uuden ajan alussa merkittävä rooli sukupuolten välisten erojen määrittelyssä, sukupuoli ymmärretään tässä tutkielmassa ennen kaikkea sosiaaliseksi rakenteeksi. Sukupuoli on lisäksi performatiivinen. Sukupuolta uusinnetaan teoilla, sanoilla ja ulkoisella olemuksella. Vaikka sukupuolella oli suuri merkitys uuden ajan alun aateliskasvatuksessa, se ei yksinään määrittänyt naisten koulutuksen sisältöä. Myös säädyllä oli tässä tapauksessa suuri merkitys. Aatelisnainen edusti monessa suhteessa myös säätyään. Tämä tutkielma painottaa myös äitien suurta roolia lasten ja erityisesti tyttärien kasvatuksessa ja koulutuksessa. Sukupuoli asetti säädyn ohella ne reunaehdot, joiden sisällä yksilö saattoi toimia. Tutkielman esimerkkinaiset lisäksi itse määrittivät naisena olemisen rajoja muun muassa puuttumalla ja kommentoimalla aikalaistovereidensa käytöstä sekä arvioimalla omaansa.