6 resultados para Intertidal Zostera

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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Vad händer i tidvattenzonen? Var går gränsen mellan land och hav, vad händer i tidvattenzonen och vem ansvarar för detta? I västra Indiska oceanen (VIO) kan avståndet mellan den lägsta nivån för lågvattnet och den högsta nivån för högvattnet vara flera kilometer och nivåskillnaderna upp till 6 meter och detta skapar ett stort och föränderligt område. Syftet med min avhandling är att öka förståelsen för tidvattenzonen i tropiska och subtropiska västra Indiska oceanen. Sammanfattningsvis visar mina studier att det finns ett mycket stort värde i den komplexa tidvattenzonen, men också att det här området hotas från både land och hav, genom t.ex. överexploatering, erosion och föroreningar. Uttnyttjandet av tidvattenzonen är stort och min avhandling har visat att aktiviteter såsom fiske i form av plocking av musslor och andra ryggradslösa djur och hamnaktiviteter påverkar den biologiska mångfalden negativt, vilket leder till försämrad levnadsstandard för resursutnyttjande människor i regionen. För att förbättra situationen krävs det mer forskning, miljöövervakning och bättre förvaltning av tidvattenzonen. Experter i regionen har rangordnat förslag på förvaltningsstrategier som skulle kunna testas för att förbättra miljön och skapa ett mer hållbart nyttjande. Avhandlingen visar även att det är möjligt att använda fjärranalysteknik såsom satellitbildsanalys för att kvantifiera mängden sjögräsvegetation (i form av biomassa), vilket kan ha stor betydelse för att förbättra storskalig miljöövervakning av kustnära naturtyper (habitat). I avhandlingsarbetet har jag använt mig av ett multidisciplinärt tillvägagångssätt och använt metoder såsom ekologisk och biologisk provtagning, intervjuer, observationer, diskussionsgrupper, frågeformulär och fjärranalys. Resultaten presenterade i denna avhandling ger en ökad kunskap om tidvattenzonen i utvecklingsländerna inom VIO-regionen som kan användas för att initiera och fortsätta att utveckla hållbara förvaltningsstrategier av biologiska resurser.

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Shallow coastal areas are dynamic habitats that are affected by a variety of abiotic and biotic factors. In addition to the natural environmental stress, estuarine and coastal seagrass ecosystems are exposed to effects of climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. In this thesis the effect of different abiotic (shading stress, salinity and temperature) and biotic stressors (presence of co-occurring species) and different levels and combinations of stressors on the performance and survival of eelgrass (Zostera marina) was assessed. To investigate the importance of scale for stress responses, varying levels of biological organization (genotype, life stage, population and plant community) were studied in field and aquarium experiments. Light limitation, decreased salinity and increased temperature affected eelgrass performance negatively in papers I, II and III, respectively. While co-occurring plant species had no notable effect on eelgrass in paper IV, the presence of eelgrass increased the biomass of Potamogeton perfoliatus. The findings in papers II and III confirmed that more extreme levels of salinity and temperature had stronger impacts on plant performance compared to intermediate levels, but intermediate levels also had more severe effects on plants when they were exposed to several stressors, as illustrated in paper II. Thus, multiple stressors had negative synergetic effects. The results in papers I, II and III indicate that future changes in light climate, salinity and temperature can have serious impacts on eelgrass performance and survival. Stress responses were found to vary among genotypes, life stages and populations in papers I, II and III, respectively, emphasizing the importance of study scale. The results demonstrate that while stress in general affects seagrass productivity negatively, the severity of effects can vary substantially depending on the studied scale or level of biological organization. Eelgrass genotypes can differ in their stress and recovery processes, as observed in paper I. In paper II, eelgrass seedlings were less prone to abiotic stress compared to adult plants, but stress also decreased their survival considerably. This indicates that recruitment and re-colonization through seeds might be threatened in the future. Variation among population responses observed in paper III indicates that long-term local adaptation under differing selection pressures has caused divergence in salinity tolerance between Baltic eelgrass populations. This variability in stress tolerance observed in papers I and III suggests that some eelgrass genotypes and populations have a better capacity to adapt to changes and survive in a changing environment. Multiple stressors and biological level-specific responses demonstrate the uncertainty in predicting eelgrass responses in a changing environment. As eelgrass populations may differ in their stress tolerance both within and across regions, conservation strategies at both local and regional scales are urgently needed in order to ensure the survival of these important ecosystems.

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Undervattensmiljön i skärgårdarna och de kustnära områdena i norra Östersjön är mångformiga och produktiva. Arternas levnadsmil-jöer styrs bl.a. av bottentyp, exponeringsgrad och ljustillgång. Kunskap och information om undervattensarterna är av stor vikt för en hållbar planering av kust- och havsmiljön. Denna rapport beskriver indelningen av de viktigaste undervattenshabitaten i norra Östersjöns kustvatten samt hur ett naturvärde på dessa miljöer kan uppskattas på basen av de olika ekologiska funktioner som habitatet uppfyller. De mest inflytelserika mänskliga hoten, både små- och storskaliga, som allvarligt kan hota habitatens fortbestånd behandlas också. Habitaten som beskrivs är både av typen hårdbotten och mjukbotten. Hårdbottenssamhällena bildar distinkta bälten från ytan mot bott-nen: trådalgszonen, zonen med stora fleråriga brunalger (Fucus vesiculosus, F. radicans), rödalgszonen och blåmusselzonen (Mytilus edulis/trossulus). Mjukbottensamhällena är uppbyggda kring ålgräs (Zostera marina), andra vattenlevande kärlväxter eller kransalger. En stor del av både de grunda och djupa mjukbottnarna saknar vegetation och samhällena struktureras då av ryggradslösa djur i och på sedi-mentytan. Habitaten har klassificerats och värderats enligt en tvåstegsmodell. Först har habitaten namngivits efter den dominerande arten eller artgruppen som bestämts enligt täckningsgrad. Därefter har varje habitat getts ett värde enligt sin ekologiska betydelse. Naturvärdet är indelat i skalan 1-5. Projektet NANNUT – The Nature and Nurture in the Northern Baltic Sea – har gjort inventeringar av undervattensmiljön på olika håll av kusterna och skärgårdarna i Finland 2010-2011. Målsättningen har varit att utveckla enkla och kostnadseffektiva metoder både för kartering och värdering av undervattenshabitat. Det huvudsakliga undersökningsområdet var förlagt till Raseborgsstad i södra Finland.

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Saaristojen ja rannikkoalueiden vedenalainen luonto pohjoisella Itämerellä on monimuotoista ja tuottavaa. Lajien elinympäristöjen erilaisuutta säätelee mm. pohjan laatu, avoimuus ja valonsaanti. Vedenalaislajiston tuntemus on hyvin tärkeää kestävässä rannikko- ja merialueiden suunnittelussa. Tämä raportti kuvailee tärkeimpien pohjoisen Itämeren rannikkovesien vedenalaiselinympäristöjen jaottelun sekä miten näiden ympäristöjen luontoarvoa voidaan luokitella kyseisen ympäristön ekologisten toimintojen perusteella. Myös elinympäristöjen säilymistä uhkaavat ihmisen aiheuttamat laajat ja pienemmät uhat esitellään raportissa. Kuvaillut elinympäristöt edustavat sekä pehmeän että kovan pohjan vedenalaisluontoa. Kovan pohjan elinympäristöt muodostavat erillisiä vyöhykkeitä mentäessä meren pinnasta pohjaan: rihmalevävyöhyke, monivuotisten, suurien ruskolevien vyöhyke (Fucus vesiculosus, F. radicans), punalevävyöhyke ja sinisimpukkavyöhyke (Mytilus edulis/trossulus). Kuvaillut pehmeän pohjan elinympäristöt rakentuvat meriajokkaan (Zostera marina),muiden vedessä elävien putkilokasvien tai näkinpartaislevien ympärille. Suuressa osassa sekä matalista että syvistä pehmeistä pohjista ei ole ollenkaan kasvillisuutta ja silloin eliöyhteiskunnan muodostaa hienoaineksen päällä ja sisällä elävät selkärangattomat eläimet. Elinympäristöt on luokiteltu ja arvotettu kaksiportaisen mallin mukaan. Ensin elinympäristö on nimetty peittävyyden perusteella vallitsevan lajin tai lajiryhmän mukaan. Tämän jälkeen jokaisella elinympäristölle annettiin arvo sen ekologisen tärkeyden perusteella. Luontoarvot on luokiteltu asteikoilla 1-5. NANNUT-hanke (The Nature and Nurture in the Northern Baltic Sea) on tehnyt vedenalaiskartoituksia eri puolilla Suomen rannikkoa ja saaristossa vuosina 2010 – 2011. Tavoitteena on ollut kehittää yksinkertaisia ja kustannustehokkaita menetelmiä sekä vedenalaisluonnon kartoittamiseen että sen arvottamiseen. Pääasiallinen tutkimus alue sijaitsi Raaseporin kunnan alueella Etelä-Suomessa.

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The biological variation in nature is called biodiversity. Anthropogenic pressures have led to a loss of biodiversity, alarming scientists as to what consequences declining diversity has for ecosystem functioning. The general consensus is that diversity (e.g. species richness or identity) affects functioning and provides services from which humans benefit. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how aquatic plant species richness and identity affect ecosystem functioning in terms of processes such as primary production, nutrient availability, epifaunal colonization and properties e.g. stability of Zostera marina subjected to shading. The main work was carried out in the field and ranged temporally from weeklong to 3.5 months-long experiments. The experimental plants used frequently co-occur in submerged meadows in the northern Baltic Sea and consist of eelgrass (Z. marina), perfoliate pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus), sago pondweed (P. pectinatus), slender-leaved pondweed (P. filiformis) and horned pondweed (Zannichellia palustris). The results showed that plant richness affected epifaunal community variables weakly, but had a strong positive effect on infaunal species number and functional diversity, while plant identity had strong effects on amphipods (Gammarus spp.), of which abundances were higher in plant assemblages consisting of P. perfoliatus. Depending on the starting standardizing unit, plant richness showed varying effects on primary production. In shoot density-standardized plots, plant richness increased the shoot densities of three out of four species and enhanced the plant biomass production. Both positive complementarity and selection effects were found to underpin the positive biodiversity effects. In shoot biomass-standardized plots, richness effects only affected biomass production of one species. Negative selection was prevalent, counteracting positive complementarity, which resulted in no significant biodiversity effect. The stability of Z. marina was affected by plant richness in such that Z. marina growing in polycultures lost proportionally less biomass than Z. marina in monocultures and thus had a higher resistance to shading. Monoculture plants in turn gained biomass faster, and thereby had a faster recovery than Z. marina growing in polycultures. These results indicate that positive interspecific interactions occurred during shading, while the faster recovery of monocultures suggests that the change from shading stress to recovery resulted in a shift from positive interactions to resource competition between species. The results derived from this thesis show that plant diversity affects ecosystem functioning and contribute to the growing knowledge of plant diversity being an important component of aquatic ecosystems. Diverse plant communities sustain higher primary productivity than comparable monocultures, affect faunal communities positively and enhance stability. Richness and identity effects vary, and identity has generally stronger effects on more variables than richness. However, species-rich communities are likely to contain several species with differing effects on functions, which renders species richness important for functioning. Mixed meadows add to coastal ecosystem functioning in the northern Baltic Sea and may provide with services essential for human well-being.

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Highly dynamic systems, often considered as resilient systems, are characterised by abiotic and biotic processes under continuous and strong changes in space and time. Because of this variability, the detection of overlapping anthropogenic stress is challenging. Coastal areas harbour dynamic ecosystems in the form of open sandy beaches, which cover the vast majority of the world’s ice-free coastline. These ecosystems are currently threatened by increasing human-induced pressure, among which mass-development of opportunistic macroalgae (mainly composed of Chlorophyta, so called green tides), resulting from the eutrophication of coastal waters. The ecological impact of opportunistic macroalgal blooms (green tides, and blooms formed by other opportunistic taxa), has long been evaluated within sheltered and non-tidal ecosystems. Little is known, however, on how more dynamic ecosystems, such as open macrotidal sandy beaches, respond to such stress. This thesis assesses the effects of anthropogenic stress on the structure and the functioning of highly dynamic ecosystems using sandy beaches impacted by green tides as a study case. The thesis is based on four field studies, which analyse natural sandy sediment benthic community dynamics over several temporal (from month to multi-year) and spatial (from local to regional) scales. In this thesis, I report long-lasting responses of sandy beach benthic invertebrate communities to green tides, across thousands of kilometres and over seven years; and highlight more pronounced responses of zoobenthos living in exposed sandy beaches compared to semi-exposed sands. Within exposed sandy sediments, and across a vertical scale (from inshore to nearshore sandy habitats), I also demonstrate that the effects of the presence of algal mats on intertidal benthic invertebrate communities is more pronounced than that on subtidal benthic invertebrate assemblages, but also than on flatfish communities. Focussing on small-scale variations in the most affected faunal group (i.e. benthic invertebrates living at low shore), this thesis reveals a decrease in overall beta-diversity along a eutrophication-gradient manifested in the form of green tides, as well as the increasing importance of biological variables in explaining ecological variability of sandy beach macrobenthic assemblages along the same gradient. To illustrate the processes associated with the structural shifts observed where green tides occurred, I investigated the effects of high biomasses of opportunistic macroalgae (Ulva spp.) on the trophic structure and functioning of sandy beaches. This work reveals a progressive simplification of sandy beach food web structure and a modification of energy pathways over time, through direct and indirect effects of Ulva mats on several trophic levels. Through this thesis I demonstrate that highly dynamic systems respond differently (e.g. shift in δ13C, not in δ15N) and more subtly (e.g. no mass-mortality in benthos was found) to anthropogenic stress compared to what has been previously shown within more sheltered and non-tidal systems. Obtaining these results would not have been possible without the approach used through this work; I thus present a framework coupling field investigations with analytical approaches to describe shifts in highly variable ecosystems under human-induced stress.