Erectile dysfunction in cardiovascular risk population

The inability to achieve and to maintain erection, erectile dysfunction, is a bothersome symptom of elderly men. Moreover, there is a high comorbidity between cardiovascular diseases and erectile dysfunction. However, very little is known concerning the risk factors of ED in apparently healthy men without comorbidities affecting the arteries. A cross-sectional population survey was conducted from August 2005 to September 2007 in two rural towns of Harjavalta and Kokemäki in Finland. Excluding those with previously diagnosed cardiovascular diseases, diabetes or chronic kidney disease, every community-dwelling inhabitant was invited to take part in the survey. Of the 2939 45- to 70-year-old men invited, 2049 responded. Selecting those at risk for cardiovascular diseases, 1000 eligible men were examined. According to the International Index of Erectile Function short form 57% of the studied men reported erectile dysfunction. Increasing age, smoking, depressive symptoms, decreasing pulmonary function, sedentary lifestyle, non-marital status and low education level were associated with increasing risk of erectile dysfunction. However, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hypercholesterolemia were not associated with erectile dysfunction, although these associations have been described in numerous previous studies. Moreover, erectile dysfunction was not associated with increasing risk of pre-diabetes. In apparently healthy men, increasing age, smoking, depressive symptoms, decreasing pulmonary function, sedentary lifestyle, non-marital status, low education level but not hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes or pre-diabetes were associated with increasing risk of erectile dysfunction.

The Fed Model: International Analysis

The Fed model is a widely used market valuation model. It is often used only on market analysis of the S&P 500 index as a shorthand measure for the attractiveness of equity, and as a timing device for allocating funds between equity and bonds. The Fed model assumes a fixed relationship between bond yield and earnings yield. This relationship is often assumed to be true in market valuation. In this paper we test the Fed model from historical perspective on the European markets. The markets of the United States are also includedfor comparison. The purpose of the tests is to determine if the Fed model and the underlying assumptions come true on different markets. The various tests are made on time-series data ranging from the year 1973 to the end of the year 2008. The statistical methods used are regressions analysis, cointegration analysis and Granger causality. The empirical results do not give strong support for the Fed model. The underlying relationships assumed by the Fed model are statistically not valid in most of the markets examined and therefore the model is not valid in valuation purposes generally. The results vary between the different markets which gives reason to suspect the general use of the Fed model in different market conditions and in different markets.

International research partnerships: establishing partner selection criteria in the university-university context

The main objective of the study was to identify and evaluate criteria for international partner selection in university-university context. This study attempted at promoting better understanding of how universities should proceed in selecting partners for producing joint research publications. Thus, the aim of the study was to gain an understanding of how research collaborations can be developed and how partners can be selected. The choice of a right partner has been identified as a precondition for partnership success. In international research collaborations partnering scientists with different skills and backgrounds bring together complementary knowledge into research projects, which in most cases results in a higher quality output. Therefore, prior to selecting a partner, the set of criteria should be established. This research examined twelve Russian universities with the status of national research university as potential partners for Lappeenranta University of Technology, and selected the most appropriate universities based on established set of criteria. Potential partners’ evaluation was done using secondary sources by tracking partners’ academic success during the period 2005 – 2010. Based on established criteria, the study calculated the partnership index for each university. The results of the research reveal that among twelve examined universities there are four potential partners who have been rather active in publishing scientific articles during 2005 – 2010.