Photoelectric Measurements and Modeling of Bacteriorhodopsin

Recent technology has provided us with new information about the internal structures and properties of biomolecules. This has lead to the design of applications based on underlying biological processes. Applications proposed for biomolecules are, for example, the future computers and different types of sensors. One potential biomolecule to be incorporated in the applications is bacteriorhodopsin. Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-sensitive biomolecule, which works in a similar way as the light sensitive cells of the human eye. Bacteriorhodopsin reacts to light by undergoing a complicated series of chemical and thermal transitions. During these transitions, a proton translocation occurs inside the molecule. It is possible to measure the photovoltage caused by the proton translocations when a vast number of molecules is immobilized in a thin film. Also the changes in the light absorption of the film can be measured. This work aimed to develop the electronics needed for the voltage measurements of the bacteriorhodopsin-based optoelectronic sensors. The development of the electronics aimed to get more accurate information about the structure and functionality of these sensors. The sensors used in this work contain a thick film of bacteriorhodopsin immobilized in polyvinylalcohol. This film is placed between two transparent electrodes. The result of this work is an instrumentation amplifier which can be placed in a small space very close to the sensor. By using this amplifier, the original photovoltage can be measured in more detail. The response measured using this amplifier revealed two different components, which could not be distinguished earlier. Another result of this work is the model for the photoelectric response in dry polymer films.

Optimisation of data analysis method for a fluidized bed combustion test rig

Nowadays the used fuel variety in power boilers is widening and new boiler constructions and running models have to be developed. This research and development is done in small pilot plants where more faster analyse about the boiler mass and heat balance is needed to be able to find and do the right decisions already during the test run. The barrier on determining boiler balance during test runs is the long process of chemical analyses of collected input and outputmatter samples. The present work is concentrating on finding a way to determinethe boiler balance without chemical analyses and optimise the test rig to get the best possible accuracy for heat and mass balance of the boiler. The purpose of this work was to create an automatic boiler balance calculation method for 4 MW CFB/BFB pilot boiler of Kvaerner Pulping Oy located in Messukylä in Tampere. The calculation was created in the data management computer of pilot plants automation system. The calculation is made in Microsoft Excel environment, which gives a good base and functions for handling large databases and calculations without any delicate programming. The automation system in pilot plant was reconstructed und updated by Metso Automation Oy during year 2001 and the new system MetsoDNA has good data management properties, which is necessary for big calculations as boiler balance calculation. Two possible methods for calculating boiler balance during test run were found. Either the fuel flow is determined, which is usedto calculate the boiler's mass balance, or the unburned carbon loss is estimated and the mass balance of the boiler is calculated on the basis of boiler's heat balance. Both of the methods have their own weaknesses, so they were constructed parallel in the calculation and the decision of the used method was left to user. User also needs to define the used fuels and some solid mass flowsthat aren't measured automatically by the automation system. With sensitivity analysis was found that the most essential values for accurate boiler balance determination are flue gas oxygen content, the boiler's measured heat output and lower heating value of the fuel. The theoretical part of this work concentrates in the error management of these measurements and analyses and on measurement accuracy and boiler balance calculation in theory. The empirical part of this work concentrates on the creation of the balance calculation for the boiler in issue and on describing the work environment.

Sähkökoneiden etädiagnostiikan kenttätason tiedonsiirtotarpeen arviointi ja instrumentoinnin kehittäminen

Tässä diplomityössä tarkastellaan sähkökoneiden tyypillisiä vikoja ja joitain näiden havaitsemiseen käytettäviä mittauksia ja analyysejä; mittausten tuottamaa tietomäärää arvioidaan. Muutamia teollisuuslaitoksissa käytettyjä väyliä ja tiedonsiirtoprotokollia esitellään, ja analysoidaan kunnonvalvonnan mittauksien siirtämisen näillä väylillä vaatimaa väylän datansiirtonopeutta. Valvottavien sähkökoneiden määrän ylärajaa arvioidaan kunkin väylän/protokollan tapauksessa. Työssä esitellään ratkaisuja sähkökoneiden etädiagnostiikan tiedonsiirron toteuttamiseksi ja arvioidaan valvottavien sähkökoneiden määrän ylärajaa kussakin tapauksessa. Lisäksi työssä suunnitellaan ja toteutetaan kunnonvalvonnan mitta-antureiden kanssa käytettävä mittaustiedon keräily-yksikkö. Keräily-yksikön sisältävä kunnonvalvonnan ja etädiagnostiikan tiedonkeruu- ja tiedonsiirtojärjestelmä asennetaan kahteen pilot-kohteeseen: sellutehtaalle ja pienvesivoimalaan.

Use of field measurements in fatigue analysis of forestry cranes

Tässä työssä on esitetty väsyttävän kuormituksen mittaamiseen ja mittausdatan jälkikäsittelyyn sekä väsymismitoitukseen liittyviä menetelmiä. Menetelmien sovelluskohteena oli metsäkoneen kuormain, joka on väsyttävästi kuormitettu hitsattu rakenne. Teoriaosassa on kuvattu väsymisilmiötä ja väsymismitoitusmenetelmiä sekä kuormitusten tunnistamiseen ja mittausten jälkikäsittelyyn liittyviä menetelmiä. Yleisimmin käytettyjen väsymismitoitusmenetelmien rinnalle on esitetty luotettavuuteen perustuvaa väsymismitoitusmenetelmää. Kuormainten suunnittelussa on keveys- j a kestoikävaatimusten takia erityisen suuri merkitys väsymisen huomioimisella. Rakenteille on ominaista tietyt toiminnan kannalta välttämättömät hitsatut yksityiskohdat, jotka usein määräävät koko rakenteen kestoiän. Koska nämä ongelmakohdat pystytään useimmiten tunnistamaan jo suunnitteluvaiheessa, voidaan yksityiskohtien muotoilulla usein parantaa huomattavasti koko rakenteen kestoikää. Näiden yksityiskohtien optimointi on osittain mahdollista toteuttaa ilman kuormituskertymätietoa, mutta useimmiten kuormitusten tunnistaminen on edellytys parhaan ratkaisun löytymiselle. Tällöin toistaiseksi paras keino todellisen väsyttävän kuormituksen tunnistamiseksi on pitkäaikaiset kenttämittaukset. Kenttämittauksilla selvitetään rakenteeseen kohdistuvat kuormitukset venymäliuskojen avulla. Kuormitusten tunnistamisella on erityisen suuri merkitys kun halutaan määrittää rakenteen kestoikä. Väsyminen ja väsyttävä kuormitus ovat kuitenkin tilastollisia muuttujia j a yksittäiselle rakenteelle ei ole mahdollista määrittää tarkkaa k estoikää. Tilastollisia menetelmiä käyttäen on kuitenkin mahdollista määrittää rakenteen vaurioitumisriski. Laskettaessa vaurioitumisriskiä suurelle määrälle yksittäisiä rakenteita voidaan muodostaa tarkkojakin ennusteita mahdollisten vaurioiden lukumäärästä. Tällöin kuormituskertymätiedosta voi olla tavanomaisen suunnittelun lisäksi laajempaa hyötyä esimerkiksi takuukäsittelyssä. Tässä työssä on sovellettu esitettyjä teorioita käytännössä metsäkoneen harvesterin puomiston väsymistarkasteluun. Kyseisen rakenteen kuormituksia mitattiin kahden viikon aikana yhteensä 35 tuntia, jonka perusteella laskettiin väsyttävän kuormituksen tilastollinen jakauma esimerkkitapaukselle. Mittauksen perusteella ei voitu tehdä kuitenkaan johtopäätöksiä tuotteen koko elinkaaren kuormituksista eikä muiden samanlaisten tuotteiden kuormituksista, koska mitattu otos oli suhteellisen lyhyt ja rajoittui vain yhteen käyttäjään ja muutamaan käyttökohteeseen. Menetelmien testaamiseksi kyseinen otos oli kuitenkin riittävä. Kuormituskertymätietoa käytettiin hyväksi myös laatumääritysten muodostamisessaesimerkkitapaukselle. Murtumismekaniikkaan perustuvalla menetelmällä arvioitiinharvesteripilarin valun mahdollisten valuvirheiden suurin sallittu koko. Luotettavuuteen pohjautuvan mitoitusmenettelyn tarve näyttää olevanlisääntymässä, joten pitkäaikaisten kenttämittausten tehokas hyödyntäminen tulee olemaan keskeinen osa väsymismitoitusta lähitulevaisuudessa. Menetelmiä olisi mahdollista tehostaa yhdistämällä kuormituskertymään erilaisia kuormitusten suhteen riippuvia tunnettuja suureita kuten käsiteltävän puun halkaisija. Todellisettuotekohtaiset tilastolliset jakaumat kuormituksista voitaisiin muodostaa mahdollisesti tehokkaammin, jos esimerkiksi kuormitusten riippuvuus metsätyypistä pystyttäisiin ensin määrittämään.

A Comparative Study of the Effectiveness of a Prefabricated Appliance and a Stabilization Appliance in the Treatment of Myofascial pain and Headache

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the short- and long-term effectiveness of a prefabricated occlusal appliance (R) on patients with myofascial pain and headache by comparing it with the treatment of the stabilization appliance (S). Another aim was to evaluate the effect of appliance treatment on stress-related salivary parameters like cortisol and IgA, as well as on flow rate values in these patients. Sixty-five patients diagnosed with myofascial temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain, of whom 94% suffered concomitantly from headache, at two centres for Stomatognathic Physiology, one in Sweden and one in Finland, were included in this randomized controlled trial using Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD), with history questionnaires and clinical examinations performed at baseline and at 6- and 10-weeks, and 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Patients were randomly assigned either to the R or the S group. Treatment outcome was measured according to IMMPACT (Initiative on Methods, Measurements, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials), i.e. four chronic pain outcome domains: pain intensity, overall improvement, physical and emotional functioning. Changes in frequency and intensity of headache were recorded. Thirty-nine patients participated in the saliva study. Salivary analyses were performed at 6 and 10 weeks. The results revealed no differences between groups at baseline. At all follow-ups, all four outcome measures, as well as frequency and intensity of headache, showed statistically significant within-group improvement compared to baseline, without significant differences between groups. No treatment-induced changes in saliva parameters could be registered. In conclusion, the effectiveness of the prefabricated appliance seemed to be similar to that of the stabilization appliance in alleviating myofascial pain, and frequency and intensity of headache, in the short as well as the long term. However, no changes in salivary parameters were observed during treatment.

Extreme Observables and Optimal Measurements in Quantum Theory

Optimization of quantum measurement processes has a pivotal role in carrying out better, more accurate or less disrupting, measurements and experiments on a quantum system. Especially, convex optimization, i.e., identifying the extreme points of the convex sets and subsets of quantum measuring devices plays an important part in quantum optimization since the typical figures of merit for measuring processes are affine functionals. In this thesis, we discuss results determining the extreme quantum devices and their relevance, e.g., in quantum-compatibility-related questions. Especially, we see that a compatible device pair where one device is extreme can be joined into a single apparatus essentially in a unique way. Moreover, we show that the question whether a pair of quantum observables can be measured jointly can often be formulated in a weaker form when some of the observables involved are extreme. Another major line of research treated in this thesis deals with convex analysis of special restricted quantum device sets, covariance structures or, in particular, generalized imprimitivity systems. Some results on the structure ofcovariant observables and instruments are listed as well as results identifying the extreme points of covariance structures in quantum theory. As a special case study, not published anywhere before, we study the structure of Euclidean-covariant localization observables for spin-0-particles. We also discuss the general form of Weyl-covariant phase-space instruments. Finally, certain optimality measures originating from convex geometry are introduced for quantum devices, namely, boundariness measuring how ‘close’ to the algebraic boundary of the device set a quantum apparatus is and the robustness of incompatibility quantifying the level of incompatibility for a quantum device pair by measuring the highest amount of noise the pair tolerates without becoming compatible. Boundariness is further associated to minimum-error discrimination of quantum devices, and robustness of incompatibility is shown to behave monotonically under certain compatibility-non-decreasing operations. Moreover, the value of robustness of incompatibility is given for a few special device pairs.

Artificially Intelligent and Adaptive Methods for Prediction and Analysis of Superheater Fireside Corrosion in Fluidized Bed Boilers

Superheater corrosion causes vast annual losses for the power companies. With a reliable corrosion prediction method, the plants can be designed accordingly, and knowledge of fuel selection and determination of process conditions may be utilized to minimize superheater corrosion. Growing interest to use recycled fuels creates additional demands for the prediction of corrosion potential. Models depending on corrosion theories will fail, if relations between the inputs and the output are poorly known. A prediction model based on fuzzy logic and an artificial neural network is able to improve its performance as the amount of data increases. The corrosion rate of a superheater material can most reliably be detected with a test done in a test combustor or in a commercial boiler. The steel samples can be located in a special, temperature-controlled probe, and exposed to the corrosive environment for a desired time. These tests give information about the average corrosion potential in that environment. Samples may also be cut from superheaters during shutdowns. The analysis ofsamples taken from probes or superheaters after exposure to corrosive environment is a demanding task: if the corrosive contaminants can be reliably analyzed, the corrosion chemistry can be determined, and an estimate of the material lifetime can be given. In cases where the reason for corrosion is not clear, the determination of the corrosion chemistry and the lifetime estimation is more demanding. In order to provide a laboratory tool for the analysis and prediction, a newapproach was chosen. During this study, the following tools were generated: · Amodel for the prediction of superheater fireside corrosion, based on fuzzy logic and an artificial neural network, build upon a corrosion database developed offuel and bed material analyses, and measured corrosion data. The developed model predicts superheater corrosion with high accuracy at the early stages of a project. · An adaptive corrosion analysis tool based on image analysis, constructedas an expert system. This system utilizes implementation of user-defined algorithms, which allows the development of an artificially intelligent system for thetask. According to the results of the analyses, several new rules were developed for the determination of the degree and type of corrosion. By combining these two tools, a user-friendly expert system for the prediction and analyses of superheater fireside corrosion was developed. This tool may also be used for the minimization of corrosion risks by the design of fluidized bed boilers.

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Different Volutes in a Centrifugal Compressor

In a centrifugal compressor the flow around the diffuser is collected and led to the pipe system by a spiral-shaped volute. In this study a single-stage centrifugal compressor with three different volutes is investigated. The compressorwas first equipped with the original volute, the cross-section of which was a combination of a rectangle and semi-circle. Next a new volute with a fully circular cross-section was designed and manufactured. Finally, the circular volute wasmodified by rounding the tongue and smoothing the tongue area. The overall performance of the compressor as well as the static pressure distribution after the impeller and on the volute surface were measured. The flow entering the volute was measured using a three-hole Cobra-probe, and flow visualisations were carriedout in the exit cone of the volute. In addition, the radial force acting on theimpeller was measured using magnetic bearings. The complete compressor with thecircular volute (inlet pipe, full impeller, diffuser, volute and outlet pipe) was also modelled using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A fully 3-D viscous flow was solved using a Navier-Stokes solver, Finflo, developed at Helsinki University of Technology. Chien's k-e model was used to take account of the turbulence. The differences observed in the performance of the different volutes were quite small. The biggest differences were at low speeds and high volume flows,i.e. when the flow entered the volute most radially. In this operating regime the efficiency of the compressor with the modified circular volute was about two percentage points higher than with the other volutes. Also, according to the Cobra-probe measurements and flow visualisations, the modified circular volute performed better than the other volutes in this operating area. The circumferential static pressure distribution in the volute showed increases at low flow, constant distribution at the design flow and decrease at high flow. The non-uniform static pressure distribution of the volute was transmitted backwards across the vaneless diffuser and observed at the impeller exit. At low volume flow a strong two-wave pattern developed into the static pressure distribution at the impeller exit due to the response of the impeller to the non-uniformity of pressure. The radial force of the impeller was the greatest at the choke limit, the smallest atthe design flow, and moderate at low flow. At low flow the force increase was quite mild, whereas the increase at high flow was rapid. Thus, the non-uniformityof pressure and the force related to it are strong especially at high flow. Theforce caused by the modified circular volute was weaker at choke and more symmetric as a function of the volume flow than the force caused by the other volutes.

Project Success through Effective Decisions: Case Studies on Project Goal Setting, Success Evaluation and Managerial Decision Making

The objective of the thesis is to structure and model the factors that contribute to and can be used in evaluating project success. The purpose of this thesis is to enhance the understanding of three research topics. The goal setting process, success evaluation and decision-making process are studied in the context of a project, business unitand its business environment. To achieve the objective three research questionsare posed. These are 1) how to set measurable project goals, 2) how to evaluateproject success and 3) how to affect project success with managerial decisions.The main theoretical contribution comes from deriving a synthesis of these research topics which have mostly been discussed apart from each other in prior research. The research strategy of the study has features from at least the constructive, nomothetical, and decision-oriented research approaches. This strategy guides the theoretical and empirical part of the study. Relevant concepts and a framework are composed on the basis of the prior research contributions within the problem area. A literature review is used to derive constructs of factors withinthe framework. They are related to project goal setting, success evaluation, and decision making. On the basis of this, the case study method is applied to complement the framework. The empirical data includes one product development program, three construction projects, as well as one organization development, hardware/software, and marketing project in their contexts. In two of the case studiesthe analytic hierarchy process is used to formulate a hierarchical model that returns a numerical evaluation of the degree of project success. It has its origin in the solution idea which in turn has its foundation in the notion of projectsuccess. The achieved results are condensed in the form of a process model thatintegrates project goal setting, success evaluation and decision making. The process of project goal setting is analysed as a part of an open system that includes a project, the business unit and its competitive environment. Four main constructs of factors are suggested. First, the project characteristics and requirements are clarified. The second and the third construct comprise the components of client/market segment attractiveness and sources of competitive advantage. Together they determine the competitive position of a business unit. Fourth, the relevant goals and the situation of a business unit are clarified to stress their contribution to the project goals. Empirical evidence is gained on the exploitation of increased knowledge and on the reaction to changes in the business environment during a project to ensure project success. The relevance of a successful project to a company or a business unit tends to increase the higher the reference level of project goals is set. However, normal performance or sometimes performance below this normal level is intentionally accepted. Success measures make project success quantifiable. There are result-oriented, process-oriented and resource-oriented success measures. The study also links result measurements to enablers that portray the key processes. The success measures can be classified into success domains determining the areas on which success is assessed. Empiricalevidence is gained on six success domains: strategy, project implementation, product, stakeholder relationships, learning situation and company functions. However, some project goals, like safety, can be assessed using success measures that belong to two success domains. For example a safety index is used for assessing occupational safety during a project, which is related to project implementation. Product safety requirements, in turn, are connected to the product characteristics and thus to the product-related success domain. Strategic success measures can be used to weave the project phases together. Empirical evidence on their static nature is gained. In order-oriented projects the project phases are oftencontractually divided into different suppliers or contractors. A project from the supplier's perspective can represent only a part of the ¿whole project¿ viewed from the client's perspective. Therefore static success measures are mostly used within the contractually agreed project scope and duration. Proof is also acquired on the dynamic use of operational success measures. They help to focus on the key issues during each project phase. Furthermore, it is shown that the original success domains and success measures, their weights and target values can change dynamically. New success measures can replace the old ones to correspond better with the emphasis of the particular project phase. This adjustment concentrates on the key decision milestones. As a conclusion, the study suggests a combination of static and dynamic success measures. Their linkage to an incentive system can make the project management proactive, enable fast feedback and enhancethe motivation of the personnel. It is argued that the sequence of effective decisions is closely linked to the dynamic control of project success. According to the used definition, effective decisions aim at adequate decision quality and decision implementation. The findings support that project managers construct and use a chain of key decision milestones to evaluate and affect success during aproject. These milestones can be seen as a part of the business processes. Different managers prioritise the key decision milestones to a varying degree. Divergent managerial perspectives, power, responsibilities and involvement during a project offer some explanation for this. Finally, the study introduces the use ofHard Gate and Soft Gate decision milestones. The managers may use the former milestones to provide decision support on result measurements and ad hoc critical conditions. In the latter milestones they may make intermediate success evaluation also on the basis of other types of success measures, like process and resource measures.

Nosturivaihteiden kunnonvalvontajärjestelmän kehittäminen värähtelymittauksia käyttäen

Työssä selvitettiin värähtelymittauksien käyttömahdollisuuksia nosturivaihteiden ennakoivassa kunnonvalvonnassa. Työ on painottunut lähinnä värähtelymittausten mittaus- ja analyysiteknisten näkökohtien tarkasteluun ja toimii niiltä osin al-kuselvityksenä värähtelymittauspohjaisen kunnonvalvontajärjestelmän luomiselle. Kirjallisuuden mukaan yleisimpiä ja käyttökelpoisimpia värähtelyanalyysejä vaihteistojen kunnonvalvonnassa ovat spektri-, kepstri-, ja demodulointitekniik-kaan perustuvat analyysit, joita kokeiltiin vauriokokeilla. Työssä käsitellään myös iskusysäysmenetelmää ja aikatason tunnuslukuja. Vauriokokeilla saatiin tietoa hammasvaurioiden havaitsemisesta värähtelymittauksilla, mutta laakerivaurioista kaivataan sen sijaan vielä lisää tietoa. Hammasvaurioiden tarkastelussa spektri-analyysin ohella PeakVue -analyysi osoittautui tehokkaaksi, kun siinä käytettiin sopivaa suodatusaluetta. Lisäksi työhön on koottu kokemuksia nosturivaihteiden käytännön värähtelymittauksista ja annettu ohjeita niiden suorittamisesta. Työn tulokset osoittavat, että värähtelymittauspohjaisella kunnonvalvontajärjes-telmällä voidaan parantaa nostovaihteiden ennakoivaa kunnonvalvontaa. Nosto-vaihteiden värähtelymittauksia kannattaa siis ehdottomasti jatkaa ja kunnonval-vontajärjestelmää edelleen kehittää. Siirtovaihteiden valvonta värähtelymittauksilla on sen sijaan hankalaa niiden epävakaan kuormitustilan vuoksi.

Sähkökoneiden kunnonvalvonta-antureiden kehitys vaativiin ympäristöolosuhteisiin

Diplomityössä kerrotaan sähkökoneiden on-line kunnonvalvontaan käytettävistä mittauksista ja analyyseistä sekä antureista, joilla näitä mittauksia voidaan suorittaa. Työssä pohditaan anturielektroniikan suunnittelua ja rakentamista vaativiin ympäristöolosuhteisiin, joita ovat muun muassa korkea lämpötila, kosteus, paine ja voimakkaat magneettikentät. Testataan analogisen lämpötila-anturin toimivuutta taajuusmuuttajakäytön läheisyydessä. Häiriöpiikkien suodattamista varten tehdään mediaanisuodatusohjelma. Lisäksi työssä suunnitellaan kunnonvalvontapilotit pumppuun sellutehtaalle sekä generaattorikäyttöön vesivoimalaan. Pilotit muodostuvat anturoinnista, anturitason tiedonsiirrosta ja mittaustiedon keruusta. Järjestelmää testataan lievästi sisäkehävaurioisella laakerilla. Työssä kerrotaan myös kunnonvalvontajärjestelmän pilotoinnista sellutehtaalle ja analysoidaan sieltä saatuja tuloksia.

Measurement Problems and Problem-Solving in Kraft Pulping

Tämän työn tarkoituksena on koota yhteen selluprosessin mittausongelmat ja mahdolliset mittaustekniikat ongelmien ratkaisemiseksi. Pääpaino on online-mittaustekniikoissa. Työ koostuu kolmesta osasta. Ensimmäinen osa on kirjallisuustyö, jossa esitellään nykyaikaisen selluprosessin perusmittaukset ja säätötarpeet. Mukana on koko kuitulinja puunkäsittelystä valkaisuun ja kemikaalikierto: haihduttamo, soodakattila, kaustistamo ja meesauuni. Toisessa osassa mittausongelmat ja mahdolliset mittaustekniikat on koottu yhteen ”tiekartaksi”. Tiedot on koottu vierailemalla kolmella suomalaisella sellutehtaalla ja haastattelemalla laitetekniikka- ja mittaustekniikka-asiantuntijoita. Prosessikemian paremmalle ymmärtämiselle näyttää haastattelun perusteella olevan tarvetta, minkä vuoksi konsentraatiomittaukset on valittu jatkotutkimuskohteeksi. Viimeisessä osassa esitellään mahdollisia mittaustekniikoita konsentraatiomittausten ratkaisemiseksi. Valitut tekniikat ovat lähi-infrapunatekniikka (NIR), fourier-muunnosinfrapunatekniikka (FTIR), online-kapillaarielektroforeesi (CE) ja laserindusoitu plasmaemissiospektroskopia (LIPS). Kaikkia tekniikoita voi käyttää online-kytkettyinä prosessikehitystyökaluina. Kehityskustannukset on arvioitu säätöön kytketylle online-laitteelle. Kehityskustannukset vaihtelevat nollasta miestyövuodesta FTIR-tekniikalle viiteen miestyövuoteen CE-laitteelle; kehityskustannukset riippuvat tekniikan kehitysasteesta ja valmiusasteesta tietyn ongelman ratkaisuun. Työn viimeisessä osassa arvioidaan myös yhden mittausongelman – pesuhäviömittauksen – ratkaisemisen teknis-taloudellista kannattavuutta. Ligniinipitoisuus kuvaisi nykyisiä mittauksia paremmin todellista pesuhäviötä. Nykyään mitataan joko natrium- tai COD-pesuhäviötä. Ligniinipitoisuutta voidaan mitata UV-absorptiotekniikalla. Myös CE-laitetta voitaisiin käyttää pesuhäviön mittauksessa ainakin prosessikehitysvaiheessa. Taloudellinen tarkastelu pohjautuu moniin yksinkertaistuksiin ja se ei sovellu suoraan investointipäätösten tueksi. Parempi mittaus- ja säätöjärjestelmä voisi vakauttaa pesemön ajoa. Investointi ajoa vakauttavaan järjestelmään on kannattavaa, jos todellinen ajotilanne on tarpeeksi kaukana kustannusminimistä tai jos pesurin ajo heilahtelee eli pesuhäviön keskihajonta on suuri. 50 000 € maksavalle mittaus- ja säätöjärjestelmälle saadaan alle 0,5 vuoden takaisinmaksuaika epävakaassa ajossa, jos COD-pesuhäviön vaihteluväli on 5,2 – 11,6 kg/odt asetusarvon ollessa 8,4 kg/odt. Laimennuskerroin vaihtelee tällöin välillä 1,7 – 3,6 m3/odt asetusarvon ollessa 2,5 m3/odt.