Physical properties of afforested former agricultural peat soils in western Finland

Tiivistelmä: Metsitettyjen turvepeltojen maan fysikaaliset ominaisuudet

Effects of competing vegetation and post-planting weed control on the mortality, growth and vole damages to Betula pendula planted on former agricultural land

Abstract

Verification of a dynamic laboratory scale former

Laboratoriomittakaavainen formeri on välttämätön, jotta paperinvalmistusprosessin jäljitteleminen olisi mahdollista. Vaikka erilaisia formereita löytyykin paperiteollisuudesta, tilaa on kuitenkin laboratoriomittakaavaiselle paperinvalmistusmenetelmälle, joka sijoittuisipilottikoneen ja perinteisen laboratorioarkkimuotin välille. Formeri, jolla saadaan aikaiseksi oikean paperinvalmistuksen kaltaiset olosuhteet ja ilmiöt on kehitetty, ja sen toiminta on testattu Nalcon Papermaking Centreof Excellence:ssä Espoossa. Formeri on yhdistetty Nalcon lähestymisjärjetelmäsimulaattoriin ja simulaattorilla aikaansaadut hydro-kemialliset ilmiöt voidaan testata nyt myös arkeista. Laitteessa on perälaatikko ja viiraosa. Perälaatikosta massa virtaa viiralle, joka liikkuu eteenpäin hihnakuljettimen hihnojen päällä. Suihku-viira -suhdetta voidaan muuttaa joko muuttamalla virtausnopeutta tai viiran nopeutta tai säätämällä perälaatikon huuliaukkoa. Formerintoiminnan testaus osoitti, että se toimii teknisesti hyvin ja tulokset ovat toistettavia ja loogisia. Arkeissa kuidut ovat orientoituneet, formaatio ja vetolujuussuhde KS/PS riippuvat voimakkaasti suihku-viira -suhteesta, kuten oikeillakinpaperikoneilla.

Assessment of Coals from Russia and Countries of Former Soviet Union for Utility Fluidized Bed Boilers

With the occurrence of fossil fuels such as oil, gas and coal we found new sources of energy that have played a critical role in the progress of our modern society. Coal is very ample compared to the other two fossil fuels. Global coal reserves at the end of 2005 were estimated at 847,5 billion tones. Along with the major energy sources, coal is the most fast growing fuel on a global basis, it provides 26% of primary energy needs and remains essential to the economies of many developed and developing countries. Coal-fired power generation accounts for 41% of the world‘s total electricity production and in some countries, such as South Africa, Poland, China, Australia, Kazakhstan and India is on very high level. Still, coal utilization represents challenges related to high emissions of air pollutants such as sulphur and nitrogen dioxides, particulate matter, mercury and carbon dioxide. In relation to these a number of technologies have been developed and are in marketable use, with further potential developments towards ―Near Zero Emission‖ coal plants. In present work, coals mined in Russia and countries of Former Soviet Union were reviewed. Distribution of coal reserves on the territory of Russia and the potential for power generation from coal-fired plants across Russia was shown. Physical and chemical properties of coals produced were listed and examined, as main factor influencing on design of the combustion facility and incineration process performance. The ash-related problems in coal-fired boilers were described. The analysis of coal ash of Russia and countries of Former Soviet Union were prepared. Feasible combustion technologies also were reviewed.

Turku Åbo the former Capital of Finland

kuv., 10 x 22 cm