19 resultados para Evolutionary algorithm, Parameter identification, rolling element bearings, Genetic algorithm

em Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland


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To obtain the desirable accuracy of a robot, there are two techniques available. The first option would be to make the robot match the nominal mathematic model. In other words, the manufacturing and assembling tolerances of every part would be extremely tight so that all of the various parameters would match the “design” or “nominal” values as closely as possible. This method can satisfy most of the accuracy requirements, but the cost would increase dramatically as the accuracy requirement increases. Alternatively, a more cost-effective solution is to build a manipulator with relaxed manufacturing and assembling tolerances. By modifying the mathematical model in the controller, the actual errors of the robot can be compensated. This is the essence of robot calibration. Simply put, robot calibration is the process of defining an appropriate error model and then identifying the various parameter errors that make the error model match the robot as closely as possible. This work focuses on kinematic calibration of a 10 degree-of-freedom (DOF) redundant serial-parallel hybrid robot. The robot consists of a 4-DOF serial mechanism and a 6-DOF hexapod parallel manipulator. The redundant 4-DOF serial structure is used to enlarge workspace and the 6-DOF hexapod manipulator is used to provide high load capabilities and stiffness for the whole structure. The main objective of the study is to develop a suitable calibration method to improve the accuracy of the redundant serial-parallel hybrid robot. To this end, a Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) hybrid error model and a Product-of-Exponential (POE) error model are developed for error modeling of the proposed robot. Furthermore, two kinds of global optimization methods, i.e. the differential-evolution (DE) algorithm and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm, are employed to identify the parameter errors of the derived error model. A measurement method based on a 3-2-1 wire-based pose estimation system is proposed and implemented in a Solidworks environment to simulate the real experimental validations. Numerical simulations and Solidworks prototype-model validations are carried out on the hybrid robot to verify the effectiveness, accuracy and robustness of the calibration algorithms.

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Rolling element bearings are essential components of rotating machinery. The spherical roller bearing (SRB) is one variant seeing increasing use, because it is self-aligning and can support high loads. It is becoming increasingly important to understand how the SRB responds dynamically under a variety of conditions. This doctoral dissertation introduces a computationally efficient, three-degree-of-freedom, SRB model that was developed to predict the transient dynamic behaviors of a rotor-SRB system. In the model, bearing forces and deflections were calculated as a function of contact deformation and bearing geometry parameters according to nonlinear Hertzian contact theory. The results reveal how some of the more important parameters; such as diametral clearance, the number of rollers, and osculation number; influence ultimate bearing performance. Distributed defects, such as the waviness of the inner and outer ring, and localized defects, such as inner and outer ring defects, are taken into consideration in the proposed model. Simulation results were verified with results obtained by applying the formula for the spherical roller bearing radial deflection and the commercial bearing analysis software. Following model verification, a numerical simulation was carried out successfully for a full rotor-bearing system to demonstrate the application of this newly developed SRB model in a typical real world analysis. Accuracy of the model was verified by comparing measured to predicted behaviors for equivalent systems.

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Time series analysis can be categorized into three different approaches: classical, Box-Jenkins, and State space. Classical approach makes a basement for the analysis and Box-Jenkins approach is an improvement of the classical approach and deals with stationary time series. State space approach allows time variant factors and covers up a broader area of time series analysis. This thesis focuses on parameter identifiablity of different parameter estimation methods such as LSQ, Yule-Walker, MLE which are used in the above time series analysis approaches. Also the Kalman filter method and smoothing techniques are integrated with the state space approach and MLE method to estimate parameters allowing them to change over time. Parameter estimation is carried out by repeating estimation and integrating with MCMC and inspect how well different estimation methods can identify the optimal model parameters. Identification is performed in probabilistic and general senses and compare the results in order to study and represent identifiability more informative way.

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This master’s thesis aims to study and represent from literature how evolutionary algorithms are used to solve different search and optimisation problems in the area of software engineering. Evolutionary algorithms are methods, which imitate the natural evolution process. An artificial evolution process evaluates fitness of each individual, which are solution candidates. The next population of candidate solutions is formed by using the good properties of the current population by applying different mutation and crossover operations. Different kinds of evolutionary algorithm applications related to software engineering were searched in the literature. Applications were classified and represented. Also the necessary basics about evolutionary algorithms were presented. It was concluded, that majority of evolutionary algorithm applications related to software engineering were about software design or testing. For example, there were applications about classifying software production data, project scheduling, static task scheduling related to parallel computing, allocating modules to subsystems, N-version programming, test data generation and generating an integration test order. Many applications were experimental testing rather than ready for real production use. There were also some Computer Aided Software Engineering tools based on evolutionary algorithms.

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Parameter estimation still remains a challenge in many important applications. There is a need to develop methods that utilize achievements in modern computational systems with growing capabilities. Owing to this fact different kinds of Evolutionary Algorithms are becoming an especially perspective field of research. The main aim of this thesis is to explore theoretical aspects of a specific type of Evolutionary Algorithms class, the Differential Evolution (DE) method, and implement this algorithm as codes capable to solve a large range of problems. Matlab, a numerical computing environment provided by MathWorks inc., has been utilized for this purpose. Our implementation empirically demonstrates the benefits of a stochastic optimizers with respect to deterministic optimizers in case of stochastic and chaotic problems. Furthermore, the advanced features of Differential Evolution are discussed as well as taken into account in the Matlab realization. Test "toycase" examples are presented in order to show advantages and disadvantages caused by additional aspects involved in extensions of the basic algorithm. Another aim of this paper is to apply the DE approach to the parameter estimation problem of the system exhibiting chaotic behavior, where the well-known Lorenz system with specific set of parameter values is taken as an example. Finally, the DE approach for estimation of chaotic dynamics is compared to the Ensemble prediction and parameter estimation system (EPPES) approach which was recently proposed as a possible solution for similar problems.

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Evoluutioalgoritmit ovat viime vuosina osoittautuneet tehokkaiksi menetelmiksi globaalien optimointitehtävien ratkaisuun. Niiden vahvuutena on etenkin yleiskäyttöisyys ja kyky löytää globaali ratkaisu juuttumatta optimoitavan tavoitefunktion paikallisiin optimikohtiin. Tässä työssä on tavoitteena kehittää uusi, normaalijakaumaan perustuva mutaatio-operaatio differentiaalievoluutioalgoritmiin, joka on eräs uusimmista evoluutiopohjaisista optimointialgoritmeista. Menetelmän oletetaan vähentävän entisestään sekä populaation ennenaikaisen suppenemisen, että algoritmin tilojen juuttumisen riskiä ja se on teoreettisesti osoitettavissa suppenevaksi. Tämä ei päde alkuperäisen differentiaalievoluution tapauksessa, koska on voitu osoittaa, että sen tilanmuutokset voivat pienellä todennäköisyydellä juuttua. Työssä uuden menetelmän toimintaa tarkastellaan kokeellisesti käyttäen testiongelmina monirajoiteongelmia. Rajoitefunktioiden käsittelyyn käytetään Jouni Lampisen kehittämää, Pareto-optimaalisuuden periaatteeseen perustuvaa menetelmää. Samalla saadaan kerättyä lisää kokeellista näyttöä myös tämän menetelmän toiminnasta. Kaikki käytetyt testiongelmat kyettiin ratkaisemaan sekä alkuperäisellä differentiaalievoluutiolla, että uutta mutaatio-operaatiota käyttävällä versiolla. Uusi menetelmä osoittautui kuitenkin luotettavammaksi sellaisissa tapauksissa, joissa alkuperäisellä algoritmilla oli vaikeuksia. Lisäksi useimmat ongelmat kyettiin ratkaisemaan luotettavasti pienemmällä populaation koolla kuin alkuperäistä differentiaalievoluutiota käytettäessä. Uuden menetelmän käyttö myös mahdollistaa paremmin sellaisten kontrolliparametrien käytön, joilla hausta saadaan rotaatioinvariantti. Laskennallisesti uusi menetelmä on hieman alkuperäistä differentiaalievoluutiota raskaampi ja se tarvitsee yhden kontrolliparametrin enemmän. Uusille kontrolliparametreille määritettiin kuitenkin mahdollisimman yleiskäyttöiset arvot, joita käyttämällä on mahdollista ratkaista suuri joukko erilaisia ongelmia.

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The objective of this thesis work is to develop and study the Differential Evolution Algorithm for multi-objective optimization with constraints. Differential Evolution is an evolutionary algorithm that has gained in popularity because of its simplicity and good observed performance. Multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have become popular since they are able to produce a set of compromise solutions during the search process to approximate the Pareto-optimal front. The starting point for this thesis was an idea how Differential Evolution, with simple changes, could be extended for optimization with multiple constraints and objectives. This approach is implemented, experimentally studied, and further developed in the work. Development and study concentrates on the multi-objective optimization aspect. The main outcomes of the work are versions of a method called Generalized Differential Evolution. The versions aim to improve the performance of the method in multi-objective optimization. A diversity preservation technique that is effective and efficient compared to previous diversity preservation techniques is developed. The thesis also studies the influence of control parameters of Differential Evolution in multi-objective optimization. Proposals for initial control parameter value selection are given. Overall, the work contributes to the diversity preservation of solutions in multi-objective optimization.

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The objective of this thesis is to develop and generalize further the differential evolution based data classification method. For many years, evolutionary algorithms have been successfully applied to many classification tasks. Evolution algorithms are population based, stochastic search algorithms that mimic natural selection and genetics. Differential evolution is an evolutionary algorithm that has gained popularity because of its simplicity and good observed performance. In this thesis a differential evolution classifier with pool of distances is proposed, demonstrated and initially evaluated. The differential evolution classifier is a nearest prototype vector based classifier that applies a global optimization algorithm, differential evolution, to determine the optimal values for all free parameters of the classifier model during the training phase of the classifier. The differential evolution classifier applies the individually optimized distance measure for each new data set to be classified is generalized to cover a pool of distances. Instead of optimizing a single distance measure for the given data set, the selection of the optimal distance measure from a predefined pool of alternative measures is attempted systematically and automatically. Furthermore, instead of only selecting the optimal distance measure from a set of alternatives, an attempt is made to optimize the values of the possible control parameters related with the selected distance measure. Specifically, a pool of alternative distance measures is first created and then the differential evolution algorithm is applied to select the optimal distance measure that yields the highest classification accuracy with the current data. After determining the optimal distance measures for the given data set together with their optimal parameters, all determined distance measures are aggregated to form a single total distance measure. The total distance measure is applied to the final classification decisions. The actual classification process is still based on the nearest prototype vector principle; a sample belongs to the class represented by the nearest prototype vector when measured with the optimized total distance measure. During the training process the differential evolution algorithm determines the optimal class vectors, selects optimal distance metrics, and determines the optimal values for the free parameters of each selected distance measure. The results obtained with the above method confirm that the choice of distance measure is one of the most crucial factors for obtaining higher classification accuracy. The results also demonstrate that it is possible to build a classifier that is able to select the optimal distance measure for the given data set automatically and systematically. After finding optimal distance measures together with optimal parameters from the particular distance measure results are then aggregated to form a total distance, which will be used to form the deviation between the class vectors and samples and thus classify the samples. This thesis also discusses two types of aggregation operators, namely, ordered weighted averaging (OWA) based multi-distances and generalized ordered weighted averaging (GOWA). These aggregation operators were applied in this work to the aggregation of the normalized distance values. The results demonstrate that a proper combination of aggregation operator and weight generation scheme play an important role in obtaining good classification accuracy. The main outcomes of the work are the six new generalized versions of previous method called differential evolution classifier. All these DE classifier demonstrated good results in the classification tasks.

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RFID on 2000-luvulla yleisesti saatavilla tullut tekniikka erilaisten kohteiden tunnistamiseen. RFID-tekniikassa tunnistamiseen käytetään pienikokoisia tunnisteita, joiden tietosisältö pystytään lukemaan langattomasti ilman näköyhteyttä tarkoitukseen soveltuvalla lukulaitteella. Tunnisteet ovat halpoja ja yksinkertaisia. Yleensä ne eivät sisällä omaa virtalähdettä, vaan ne toimivat ainoastaan lukulaitteen luoman kentän voimalla. Tässä työssä tutkitaan RFID-tekniikan soveltuvuutta betonista valmistettujen rakennuselementtien tunnistamiseen. Ympäristön vaikutukset tekniikan käyttöön tutkitaan ja selvitetään, mitkä ovat parhaat toimintatavat elementtien tunnistamiseen nämä vaikutukset huomioon ottaen. Työssä esitellään ensin RFID-tekniikan toimintaperiaatteet sekä tunnisteiden ja lukulaitteiden rakenne. Tunnisteiden jaottelu erilaisten ominasisuuksien perusteella käydään läpi ja sovellusalan kannalta tärkeimmät standardit esitellään. Käytännön osuudessa esitellään RFID-tekniikan soveltamista betonista valmistettujen rakennuselementtien tunnistamiseen. Työssä esitellään saavutetut mittaustulokset sekä betonielementtien tunnistamiseen ja tietojen hallintaan toteutetun järjestelmän rakenne.

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Tässä työssä tutkitaan ohjelmistoarkkitehtuurisuunnitteluominaisuuksien vaikutusta erään client-server –arkkitehtuuriin perustuvan mobiilipalvelusovelluksen suunnittelu- ja toteutusaikaan. Kyseinen tutkimus perustuu reaalielämän projektiin, jonka kvalitatiivinen analyysi paljasti arkkitehtuurikompponenttien välisten kytkentöjen merkittävästi vaikuttavan projektin työmäärään. Työn päätavoite oli kvantitatiivisesti tutkia yllä mainitun havainnon oikeellisuus. Tavoitteen saavuttamiseksi suunniteltiin ohjelmistoarkkitehtuurisuunnittelun mittaristo kuvaamaan kyseisen järjestelmän alijärjestelmien arkkitehtuuria ja luotiin kaksi suunniteltua mittaristoa käyttävää, työmäärää (komponentin suunnittelu-, toteutus- ja testausaikojen summa) arvioivaa mallia, joista toinen on lineaarinen ja toinen epälineaarinen. Näiden mallien kertoimet sovitettiin optimoimalla niiden arvot epälineaarista gloobaalioptimointimenetelmää, differentiaalievoluutioalgoritmia, käyttäen, niin että mallien antamat arvot vastasivat parhaiten mitattua työmäärää sekä kaikilla ominaisuuksilla eli attribuuteilla että vain osalla niistä (yksi jätettiin vuorotellen pois). Kun arkkitehtuurikompenttien väliset kytkennät jätettiin malleista pois, mitattujen ja arvoitujen työmäärien välinen ero (ilmaistuna virheenä) kasvoi eräässä tapauksessa 367 % entisestä tarkoittaen sitä, että näin muodostettu malli vastasi toteutusaikoja huonosti annetulla ainestolla. Tämä oli suurin havaitu virhe kaikkien poisjätettyjen ominaisuuksien kesken. Saadun tuloksen perusteella päätettiin, että kyseisen järjestelmän toteutusajat ovat vahvasti riippuvaisia kytkentöjen määrästä, ja näin ollen kytkentöjen määrä oli mitä todennäköisemmin kaikista tärkein työmäärään vaikuttava tekijä tutkitun järjestelmän arkkitehtuurisuunnittelussa.

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Diplomityössä esitetään menetelmä populaation monimuotoisuuden mittaamiseen liukulukukoodatuissa evoluutioalgoritmeissa, ja tarkastellaan kokeellisesti sen toimintaa. Evoluutioalgoritmit ovat populaatiopohjaisia menetelmiä, joilla pyritään ratkaisemaan optimointiongelmia. Evoluutioalgoritmeissa populaation monimuotoisuuden hallinta on välttämätöntä, jotta suoritettu haku olisi riittävän luotettavaa ja toisaalta riittävän nopeaa. Monimuotoisuuden mittaaminen on erityisen tarpeellista tutkittaessa evoluutioalgoritmien dynaamista käyttäytymistä. Työssä tarkastellaan haku- ja tavoitefunktioavaruuden monimuotoisuuden mittaamista. Toistaiseksi ei ole ollut olemassa täysin tyydyttäviä monimuotoisuuden mittareita, ja työn tavoitteena on kehittää yleiskäyttöinen menetelmä liukulukukoodattujen evoluutioalgoritmien suhteellisen ja absoluuttisen monimuotoisuuden mittaamiseen hakuavaruudessa. Kehitettyjen mittareiden toimintaa ja käyttökelpoisuutta tarkastellaan kokeellisesti ratkaisemalla optimointiongelmia differentiaalievoluutioalgoritmilla. Toteutettujen mittareiden toiminta perustuu keskihajontojen laskemiseen populaatiosta. Keskihajonnoille suoritetaan skaalaus, joko alkupopulaation tai nykyisen populaation suhteen, riippuen lasketaanko absoluuttista vai suhteellista monimuotoisuutta. Kokeellisessa tarkastelussa havaittiin kehitetyt mittarit toimiviksi ja käyttökelpoisiksi. Tavoitefunktion venyttäminen koordinaattiakseleiden suunnassa ei vaikuta mittarin toimintaan. Myöskään tavoitefunktion kiertäminen koordinaatistossa ei vaikuta mittareiden tuloksiin. Esitetyn menetelmän aikakompleksisuus riippuu lineaarisesti populaation koosta, ja mittarin toiminta on siten nopeaa suuriakin populaatioita käytettäessä. Suhteellinen monimuotoisuus antaa vertailukelpoisia tuloksia riippumatta parametrien lukumäärästä tai populaation koosta.

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Työssä pyrittiin etsimään differentiaalievoluutioalgoritmilla kaksiakseliselle, välijäähdytyksellä, välipoltolla ja rekuperaattorilla varustetulle mikrokaasuturbiinille sellaiset kompressorien painesuhteet ja rekuperaattorin rekuperaatioaste, että saavutettaisiin mandollisimman hyvä osakuormahyötysuhteen säilyvyys. Osakuormatehon säätömenetelmäksi oli valittu pyörimisnopeussäädön ja turbiinien sisääntulolämpötilan alentamisen yhdistelmä, jossa generaattorilla varustetun akselin pyörimisnopeus sekä molempien turbiinien sisääntulolämpötilat olivat toisistaan riippumatta vapaasti säädettävissä. Työssä löydettiin optimaalinen säätömenetelmien yhdistelmä, jolla saavutetaan parempi osakuormahyötysuhteen säilyvyys, kuin millään käytetyistä menetelmistä yksinään. Lisäksi havaittiin, ettei optimaalinen säätömenetelmä merkittävästi riipu koneikolle valituista suunnittelupisteen parametreista. Osakuormahyötysuhteen säilyvyyden kannalta optimaalinen koneikko ei merkittävästi poikennut suunnittelupisteen hyötysuhteen kannalta optimaalisesta.

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Over the last decades, calibration techniques have been widely used to improve the accuracy of robots and machine tools since they only involve software modification instead of changing the design and manufacture of the hardware. Traditionally, there are four steps are required for a calibration, i.e. error modeling, measurement, parameter identification and compensation. The objective of this thesis is to propose a method for the kinematics analysis and error modeling of a newly developed hybrid redundant robot IWR (Intersector Welding Robot), which possesses ten degrees of freedom (DOF) where 6-DOF in parallel and additional 4-DOF in serial. In this article, the problem of kinematics modeling and error modeling of the proposed IWR robot are discussed. Based on the vector arithmetic method, the kinematics model and the sensitivity model of the end-effector subject to the structure parameters is derived and analyzed. The relations between the pose (position and orientation) accuracy and manufacturing tolerances, actuation errors, and connection errors are formulated. Computer simulation is performed to examine the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method.

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Global energy consumption has been increasing yearly and a big portion of it is used in rotating electrical machineries. It is clear that in these machines energy should be used efficiently. In this dissertation the aim is to improve the design process of high-speed electrical machines especially from the mechanical engineering perspective in order to achieve more reliable and efficient machines. The design process of high-speed machines is challenging due to high demands and several interactions between different engineering disciplines such as mechanical, electrical and energy engineering. A multidisciplinary design flow chart for a specific type of high-speed machine in which computer simulation is utilized is proposed. In addition to utilizing simulation parallel with the design process, two simulation studies are presented. The first is used to find the limits of two ball bearing models. The second is used to study the improvement of machine load capacity in a compressor application to exceed the limits of current machinery. The proposed flow chart and simulation studies show clearly that improvements in the high-speed machinery design process can be achieved. Engineers designing in high-speed machines can utilize the flow chart and simulation results as a guideline during the design phase to achieve more reliable and efficient machines that use energy efficiently in required different operation conditions.

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The active magnetic bearings have recently been intensively developed because of noncontact support having several advantages compared to conventional bearings. Due to improved materials, strategies of control, and electrical components, the performance and reliability of the active magnetic bearings are improving. However, additional bearings, retainer bearings, still have a vital role in the applications of the active magnetic bearings. The most crucial moment when the retainer bearings are needed is when the rotor drops from the active magnetic bearings on the retainer bearings due to component or power failure. Without appropriate knowledge of the retainer bearings, there is a chance that an active magnetic bearing supported rotor system will be fatal in a drop-down situation. This study introduces a detailed simulation model of a rotor system in order to describe a rotor drop-down situation on the retainer bearings. The introduced simulation model couples a finite element model with component mode synthesis and detailed bearing models. In this study, electrical components and electromechanical forces are not in the focus. The research looks at the theoretical background of the finite element method with component mode synthesis that can be used in the dynamic analysis of flexible rotors. The retainer bearings are described by using two ball bearing models, which include damping and stiffness properties, oil film, inertia of rolling elements and friction between races and rolling elements. Thefirst bearing model assumes that the cage of the bearing is ideal and that the cage holds the balls in their predefined positions precisely. The second bearing model is an extension of the first model and describes the behavior of the cageless bearing. In the bearing model, each ball is described by using two degrees of freedom. The models introduced in this study are verified with a corresponding actual structure. By using verified bearing models, the effects of the parameters of the rotor system onits dynamics during emergency stops are examined. As shown in this study, the misalignment of the retainer bearings has a significant influence on the behavior of the rotor system in a drop-down situation. In this study, a stability map of the rotor system as a function of rotational speed of the rotor and the misalignment of the retainer bearings is presented. In addition, the effects of parameters of the simulation procedure and the rotor system on the dynamics of system are studied.