Hyvän ja pahan tälle puolen: Primo Levi totuudenkertojana

Abstract: On this side of good and evil: Primo Levi as a truth-teller

Virtuaalitodellisuuslaboratorion laiteympäristön kehittäminen - ohjaimet ja ohjelmistot

Tämä diplomityö on tehty osana HumanICT-projektia, jonka tavoitteena on kehittää uusi, virtuaalitekniikoita hyödyntävä, työkoneiden käyttäjäliityntöjen suunnittelumenetelmä. Työn tarkoituksena oli kehittää VTT:n Tuotteet ja tuotanto tutkimusyksikköön kuluvan Ihminen-kone-turvallisuus ryhmän nykyistä virtuaalitodellisuuslaboratoriota siten, että sitä voidaan käyttää työkoneiden suunnittelussa sekä monipuolisissa ergonomiatarkasteluissa. Itse ympäristön kehittäminen pitää sisällään uuden ohjainjärjestelmän suunnittelun sekä sen implementoinnin nykyisin käytössä olevaan virtuaaliympäristöön. Perinteisesti ohjaamosimulaattorit ovat olleet sovelluskohteisiin räätälöityjä, joten ne ovat kalliita ja niiden konfiguroinnin muuttaminen on vaikeaa, joskus jopa mahdotonta. Tämän työntarkoituksena oli kehittää PC-tietokoneeseen ja yleiseen käyttöjärjestelmään perustuva ohjainjärjestelmä, joka on nopeasti kytkettävissä erilaisiin virtuaaliympäristön sovelluksiin, kuten ohjaamomalleihin. Työssä tarkasteltiin myös tapoja mallintaa fysikaalisia ilmiöitä reaaliaikasovelluksissa, eli on-line simuloinnissa. Tämän tarkastelun perusteella etsittiin ja valittiin jatkokäsittelyyn ohjelmistoja, joiden reaaliaikaisen dynamiikan simulointialgoritmitolivat kaikkein kehittyneimpiä ja monipuolisia.

Sankarit pahan pakkoraossa

Kirjallisuusarvostelu

Sotilaallista kriisinhallintaoperaatiota edeltävä päätöksenteko Euroopan unionissa ja Suomessa

”All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.” Euroopan unionin kriisinhallintakyky on kehittynyt voimakkaasti koko unionin olemassaolon ajan. Viimeisimpänä uudistuksena unioniin on luotu kyky nopeaan toimintaan. Suomi unionin osana on ilmoittautunut mukaan Euroopan unionin taisteluosastoihin. Tämä tutkimus keskittyy niihin tekijöihin päätöksentekoympäristössä, jotka mahdollistavat unionin toteuttaman kriisinhallintaoperaation. Tarkoituksena on ollut kirjallisuuslähteisiin ja haastatteluihin nojaten selvittää Suomen ja Euroopan unionin sotilaallisen kriisinhallinnan päätöksenteon kentästä päätöksentekoon liittyvät organisaatiot, päätöksentekoprosessit sekä prosessin aikana tuotettavat päätökset ja asiakirjat. Työ omalta osaltaan täydentää Ossi Kervisen tekemää tutkimustyötä kriisinhallinnan päätöksentekorakenteista. Työn tutkimusasetelmana on mallinnus ulkopoliittisesta päätöksenteosta. Tutkimuskysymyksiä on kaksi: 1. Mahdollistaako Euroopan unionin päätöksentekomenetelmä sotilaallisen kriisinhallintaoperaation aloittamisessa tarvittavien päätösten laatimisen, erityisesti tarkasteltaessa päätöksentekoa nopean kriisinhallintatoiminnan näkökulmasta? 2. Onko kansallinen päätöksentekomenetelmä toimiva ja erityisesti onko se oikeaaikainen, kun tarkastelemme sitä Euroopan unionin nopeutetun päätöksenteon näkökulmasta? Tärkeimpinä lähteinä ovat olleet Euroopan unionin asiakirjat, eri organisaatioiden laatimat tieteelliset tutkimusraportit. Haastatteluilla on pyritty kartoittamaan toimintamalleja, jotka eivät ilmene kirjallisissa lähteissä. Haastatteluilla oli suuri merkitys johtopäätöksien muodostumisessa. Tutkimus toi esille, että Euroopan unionin päätöksentekorakenne on kaiken kaikkiaan monimutkainen. Päätöksentekojärjestelmää myös uudistetaan voimakkaasti kaiken aikaa, ja tämä osaltaan vaikeutti tutkimuksen tekemistä. Kansallisen päätöksenteon osalta voimakas julkinen keskustelu kriisinhallintalaista ja yleensä kriisinhallinnan päätöksenteosta oli myös tutkimusta vaikeuttavana tekijänä. Päätelmänä tutkimuskysymysten osalta on se, että Euroopan unioni omaa tahdon nopeaan päätöksentekoon ja operaatio Artemiksen katsotaan olevan todiste kyvyn olemassaolosta. Kaikki ne toimet joita Euroopan unioni on suunnitellut päätöksenteon nopeuttamiseksi, eivät kuitenkaan käytännössä nopeuta itse päätöksentekoa. Kansallisen päätöksenteon osalta johtopäätöksenä on, että itse päätöksentekomenetelmä on oikea, mutta se on väärin ajoittunut, mikäli asiaa tarkastellaan nopean toiminnan näkökulmasta. Kansallinen päätöksentekoprosessi tulee voida käynnistää aikaisemmin ja sotilaallisen voimankäytön oikeudet tulee saattaa pois kansallisesta päätöksenteosta käsiteltäessä Euroopan unionin nopeaa kriisinhallintatoimintaa.

Issuant views of hell in contemporary Anglo-American theology

This problem of hell is a specific form of the problem of evil that can be expressed in terms of a set of putatively incompatible statements: 1. An omnipotent God could create a world in which all moral agents freely choose life with God. 2. An omnibenevolent God would not create a world with the foreknowledge that some (perhaps a significant proportion) of God’s creatures would end up in hell. 3. An omniscient God would know which people will end up in hell. 4. Some people will end up forever in hell. Since the late twentieth century, a number of British and North American philosophical theologians, inspired by C.S. Lewis, have developed a new approach to answering the problem of hell. Very little work has been done to systematize this category of perspectives on the duration, quality, purpose and finality of hell. Indeed, there is no consensus among scholars as to what such an approach should be called. In this work, however, I call this perspective issuantism. Starting from the works of a wide range of issuantist scholars, I distill what I believe to be the essence of issuantist perspectives on hell: hell is a state that does not result in universal salvation and is characterized by the insistance that both heaven and hell must issue from the love of God, an affirmation of libertarian human freedom and a rejection of retributive interpretations of hell. These sine qua non characteristics form what I have labeled basic issuantism. I proceed to show that basic issuantism by itself does not provide an adequate answer to the problem of hell. The issuantist scholars themselves, however, recognize this weakness and add a wide range of possible supplements to their basic issuantism. Some of these supplemented versions of issuantism succeed in presenting reasonable answers to the problem of hell. One of the key reasons for the development of issuantist views of hell is a perceived failure on the part of conditionalists, universalists and defenders of hell as eternal conscious torment to give adequate answers to the problem of hell. It is my conclusion, however, that with the addition of some of the same supplements, versions of conditionalism and hell as eternal conscious torment can be advanced that succeed just as well in presenting answers to the problem of hell as those advanced by issuantists, thus rendering some of the issuantist critique of non-issuantist perspectives on hell unfounded.

Glädje i vårdandets värld

The present study is made in the context of basic research within the field of caring science. The overall aim is to uncover and make joy visible as an idea in the world of caring. The core of caring has historically always been to alleviate suffering and to serve life and health in a spirit of love and mercy. This study has a comprehensive direction focusing on history of ideas and culminates in a pattern of ideas contenting joy in the world of caring. Knowledge formation is based on creating understanding, wholeness and meaning with regard to the knowledge related to a context. For that a hermeneutical approach is used throughout the study. In order to understand joy more deeply, the original idea, the essence and expression, the concept of 'joy' and the related concepts of 'glad' and 'light' are examined in etymological dictionaries and in Swedish, English and Latin dictionaries. To support the interpretation classical texts containing philosophers’ thoughts about joy are used. Joy as an idea glimpses forth and is presented in the form of seven-fold pattern of ideas. Through the meaning-nuances of synonyms a realization of joy could be discerned and anchored in the heart. The seven-fold pattern form the background and represent a guide for the hermeneutic reading of joy, as it appears in the stories about caring for the years 1900–1933. The historical sources consist of the trade magazine Svensk sjukskötersketidning, books containing stories about caring, archival materials and textbooks on nursing. The result culminates in the seven-fold pattern of ideas contenting what makes joy active as caring. The true heart's pure joy - love, joy is a proof of love. The ardent heart's deep joy - joy of living, joy inspires and generates strength. The bearing heart's radiant joy - generosity, joy is a gift to the other with the promise of help. The inviting heart's sparkling joy – communion, joy invites communion. The elated heart's exhilarated joy - integration, joy enables the human to forget his or her suffering and approach to what he or she wants to be. The atmospheric heart's solemn joy - dignifying, joy creates a mood and an atmosphere where people perceive themselves dignified. The peaceful heart's great joy - rescuing, a joy turns out when the human has received what may be requested of what is good, is eluded from what is evil and is contented with his or her living lot. It is hoped that this basic research will open up for a vision that can contribute to joys further attention in the world of caring and be articulated there.

Let Go and Remember. How Finnish Communities Experienced and Memorialized School Shootings

This study examines the aftermath of mass violence in local communities. Two rampage school shootings that occurred in Finland are analyzed and compared to examine the ways in which communities experience, make sense of, and recover from sudden acts of mass violence. The studied cases took place at Jokela High School, in southern Finland, and at a polytechnic university in Kauhajoki, in western Finland, in 2007 and 2008 respectively. Including the perpetrators, 20 people lost their lives in these shootings. These incidents are part of the global school shooting phenomenon with increasing numbers of incidents occurring in the last two decades, mostly in North America and Europe. The dynamic of solidarity and conflict is one of the main themes of this study. It builds upon previous research on mass violence and disasters which suggests that solidarity increases after a crisis, and that this increase is often followed by conflict in the affected communities. This dissertation also draws from theoretical discussions on remembering, narrating, and commemorating traumatic incidents, as well as the idea of a cultural trauma process in which the origins and consequences of traumas are negotiated alongside collective identities. Memorialization practices and narratives about what happened are vital parts of the social memory of crises and disasters, and their inclusive and exclusive characteristics are discussed in this study. The data include two types of qualitative interviews; focused interviews with 11 crisis workers, and focused, narrative interviews with 21 residents of Jokela and 22 residents of Kauhajoki. A quantitative mail survey of the Jokela population (N=330) provided data used in one of the research articles. The results indicate that both communities experienced a process of simultaneous solidarity and conflict after the shootings. In Jokela, the community was constructed as a victim, and public expressions of solidarity and memorialization were promoted as part of the recovery process. In Kauhajoki, the community was portrayed as an incidental site of mass violence, and public expressions of solidarity by distant witnesses were labeled as unnecessary and often criticized. However, after the shooting, the community was somewhat united in its desire to avoid victimization and a prolonged liminal period. This can be understood as a more modest and invisible process of “silent solidarity”. The processes of enforced solidarity were partly made possible by exclusion. In some accounts, the family of the perpetrator in Jokela was excluded from the community. In Kauhajoki, the whole incident was externalized. In both communities, this exclusion included associating the shooting events, certain places, and certain individuals with the concept of evil, which helped to understand and explain the inconceivable incidents. Differences concerning appropriate emotional orientations, memorialization practices and the pace of the recovery created conflict in both communities. In Jokela, attitudes towards the perpetrator and his family were also a source of friction. Traditional gender roles regarding the expression of emotions remained fairly stable after the school shootings, but in an exceptional situation, conflicting interpretations arose concerning how men and women should express emotion. The results from the Jokela community also suggest that while increased solidarity was seen as important part of the recovery process, some negative effects such as collective guilt, group divisions, and stigmatization also emerged. Based on the results, two simultaneous strategies that took place after mass violence were identified; one was a process of fast-paced normalization, and the other was that of memorialization. Both strategies are ways to restore the feeling of security shattered by violent incidents. The Jokela community emphasized remembering while the Kauhajoki community turned more to the normalization strategy. Both strategies have positive and negative consequences. It is important to note that the tendency to memorialize is not the only way of expressing solidarity, as fast normalization includes its own kind of solidarity and helps prevent the negative consequences of intense solidarity.