”Du sköna sång, vårt bästa arv” - kanonisering av en sångskatt ur ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv

Songs have the power to get through to people. When lyrics are combined with a tune, the result is an entity where the first few notes of a melody can evoke emotions of recognition and belonging. A song treasury consists of such songs that are part of a canonized song tradition. The process where certain songs become part of an established song treasury is long, and many other aspects than the tune itself influence the forming of a song treasury. By examining the characteristics of a song tradition, the history of an ethnic group can be illuminated. In this study, music, pedagogy, and the sociocultural context are merged into a whole where a common song tradition, the song treasury, is in focus. The main aim of this study is to deepen the understanding of a song treasury, its development and contents. This understanding is accomplished by analyzing the musical and lyrical characteristics of 60 songs, which have been sung in schools, homes, and communities, thereby becoming popular among the Swedish-speaking Finns during the 20th century. The songs have been chosen by combining three song lists, of which two lists are closely related to school curricula. The third song list is a result of a survey on favourite songs, according to the situation around year 2000. The songs are examined in their notated versions, a number of song books and text books (n = 29) forming the empirical material. In this study, a hermeneutical approach is applied, content analysis being the method. The analysis is based on three perspectives: the sociocultural perspective, the music-pedagogical perspective, and the musico-analytical perspective. Within each perspective, two aspects are studied. This results in a hexagonal model which forms the structure of the study as a whole. The first two perspectives form the background; a historical context where nation, education, home country, and homestead are regarded as highly important. A common song repertoire is considered to be an effective means of building collective identity within ethnic groups, the common language and the cultural heritage being used as rhetorical arguments. During the early 1900s, choir festivals become an educational platform where conceptions of a common belonging are developed and strengthened through religious, patriotic, and poetical expressions. National school curricula in singing and music have similar characteristics, cultural heritage and values education being in focus. The song lyrics often describe nature and emotions, and they also appear to be personal and situated in a given time and place. Patriotic expressions and songs about music are also fairly common. The songs generally express positive attitudes, which are intensified by major tonality, rich and varied melodies with stable rhythms, and a strong tonal base. The analyzed details of the studied aspects are merged into a thick description, which results in an interpretation pattern with three dimensions: a song treasury can be considered an expression of collective identity, cultural heritage, and values education.

Liikeriskit ja riskinhallinta Ukrainan kriisissä vuonna 2014 – Tapaustutkimus eräästä suomalaisesta yrityksestä

Tutkimuksen tarkoitus on analysoida suomalaisen yrityksen vuonna 2014 kohtaamia riskejä Ukrainassa sekä tutkia sitä, miten niitä hallitaan ja miten ne vaikuttivat yrityksen liiketoimintaan. Ukraina ei ole merkittävä kauppakumppani Suomelle, mutta silti monet suomalaiset yritykset toimivat maassa ja vuoden 2014 kriisin jälkeen maahan on tullut uusia suomalaisia yrityksiä. Ukraina on kooltaan merkittävä markkina-alue, ja sen merkitys saattaa kasvaa kun se on aloittanut siirtymisen kohti EU:ta. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on tutkia millaisia riskejä Ukrainan liiketoimintaympäristössä esiintyi vuonna 2014 ja kuinka tutkittu yritys on hallinnut niitä. Tutkimusta varten on suoritettu laadullinen tapaustutkimus, jonka aineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluiden sekä sähköpostivaihdon avulla. Tämän lisäksi on perehdytty aihetta käsitteleviin journaaleihin, aikakausilehtiin sekä Internet-sivustoihin relevantin ja monipuolisen tiedon hankkimista varten. Teoriapohjana on tutkimuksessa käytetty riskin määritelmää sekä COSO:n kokonaisvaltaista riskinhallintamallia. Tutkimuksessa tehtyjen havaintojen perusteella voidaan todeta, että tutkitun yrityksen riskinhallintatoimenpiteet eivät eronneet merkittävästi COSO:n mallissa esitetyistä, muutamaa poikkeusta lukuun ottamatta. Tutkittaessa suomalaisen yrityksen kohtaamia riskejä Ukrainassa vuonna 2014 huomattiin, että riskit jakautuvat viiteen eri kategoriaan: sosiaalisiin riskeihin, teknisiin riskeihin, henkilöstö riskeihin, poliittisiin riskeihin ja taloudellisiin riskeihin. Tutkimustuloksista huomattiin että yritys vastasi kolmeen eri riskikategoriaan poikkeavalla tavalla verrattuna malliin. Sosiaalisten-, teknisten- ja henkilöstö riskien osalta toimenpiteet erosivat mallissa esitetyistä. Yritys vastasi sosiaalisista riskeistä johtuviin boikotteihin vähentämällä niitä uudelleen brändäämällä tuotteitaan. Teknisiä riskejä hallittiin muuttamalla tuotteita ja tuotantoa uuteen toimintaympäristöön sopiviksi. Henkilöstöriskejä vältettiin olemalla käyttämättä tiettyyn etniseen ryhmään kuuluvia henkilöitä. Tutkimuksessa ilmenneitä riskinhallintakeinoja, jotka poikkesivat COSO:n mallista, ei tullut esille aikaisemmissa akateemisissa tutkimuksissa

Ethnic sensitive substance abuse work : services for non-Finnish speaking clients in substance abuse treatment units in Finland today

The purpose of this study was to examine the current situation in substance abuse treatment units in Finland in taking non-Finnish speaking clients into consideration. The initiative for this research came from the Development of Alcohol and Drugs Intervention group at Stakes (National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health). Their aim was to gather information about the functioning and relevance of the quality assessment forms based on the quality recommendations for substance abuse work, filled in by substance abuse treatment units. The ethnic issue was chosen as the main approach in the study. The aim of this research was to answer the following questions: what is the readiness and competence in substance abuse treatment units in Finland to receive and encounter non-Finnish speaking clients, how is the quality of these services assessed and/or developed in the units, and what has been the role and functioning of the quality recommendations and quality assessment forms in working with non-Finnish speaking clients. The research methods used in the study were both quantitative and qualitative. The information concerning language services provided in the units was gathered from the quality assessment forms and basic information forms found in the database maintained by Stakes. The total amount of units found in the database was 267. In addition to that, semi-structured theme-interviews were carried out in four substance abuse treatment units in order to get a more deep understanding of how the services function in practice. The few number of non-Finnish speaking clients in the units may explain to a certain degree the results of the research. The results however showed that there is still space for improving the services. In the light of quality recommendations, the degree of language options provided in substance abuse treatment units in Finland today is low. Also the quantity of interpreter services provided in the units is scarce. There could also be unified guidelines specially tailored for substance abuse treatment units on how to work with ethnic minorities, as the knowledge is currently adopted from several different instances. The quality recommendations as well as quality assessment forms were valued and applied in the units appropriately and were also perceived to have an effect on the functioning, and quality, in the units.

School Bullies’ Quest for Power: Implications for Group Dynamics and Intervention

Bullying is characterized by an inequality of power between perpetrator and target. Findings that bullies can be highly popular have helped redefine the old conception of the maladjusted school bully into a powerful individual exerting influence on his peers from the top of the peer status hierarchy. Study I is a conceptual paper that explores the conditions under which a skillful, socially powerful bully can use the peer group as a means of aggression and suggests that low cohesion and low quality of friendships make groups easier to manipulate. School bullies’ high popularity should be a major obstacle for antibullying efforts, as bullies are unlikely to cease negative actions that are rewarding, and their powerful position could discourage bystanders from interfering. Using data from the Finnish program KiVa, Study II supported the hypothesis that antibullying interventions are less effective with popular bullies in comparison to their unpopular counterparts. In order to design interventions that can address the positive link between popularity and aggression, it is necessary to determine in which contexts bullies achieve higher status. Using an American sample, Study III examined the effects of five classroom features on the social status that peers accord to aggressive children, including classroom status hierarchy, academic level and grade level, controlling for classroom mean levels of aggression and ethnic distribution. Aggressive children were more popular and better liked in fifth grade relative to fourth grade and in classrooms of higher status hierarchy. Surprisingly, the natural emergence of status hierarchies in children’s peer groups has long been assumed to minimize aggression. Whether status hierarchies hinder or promote bullying is a controversial question in the peer relations’ literature. Study IV aimed at clarifying this debate by testing the effects of the degree of classroom status hierarchy on bullying. Higher hierarchy was concrrently associated with bullying and predictive of higher bullying six months later. As bullies’ quest for power is increasingly acknowledged, some researchers suggest teaching bullies to attain the elevated status they yearn for through prosocial acts. Study V cautions against such solutions by reviewing evidence that prosocial behaviors enacted with the intention of controlling others can be as harmful as aggression.