ANALYSE DISCURSIVE DE L’IDENTITE ET DU VOILE ISLAMIQUE. Étude de cas des étudiantes musulmanes de Montréal

Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa keskitytään Montrealissa asuvien muslimiopiskelijoiden identiteetin tutkimiseen islamilaisen hunnun kautta. Montrealin suurkaupunkia on vuosien varrella rikastuttanut ja muokannut suuret maahanmuuttajien virrat. Kulttuurien kohdatessa länsimaalaisten nuorten keskuudessa ilmenee usein uusia uskonnollisuuden muotoja. Siksi on olennaista perehtyä nuorten asenteisiin itseä sekä toiseutta kohtaan monikulttuurisessa ympäristössä. Työssä tutkitaankin muslimiopiskelijoiden omakuvan sekä identiteetin rakentumista kielen kautta suhteessa toiseuteen ja jumalaan. Työn teoreettisena lähtökohtana toimii näkökulma identiteetin syntymisestä kielessä sekä vastavuoroisuuden kontekstissa. Tämän diskursiivisen näkökulman mukaan identiteetti ei ole olemassa ihmisessä itsessään, vaan se on kontekstisidonnainen ilmiö, joka muodostuu diskurssissa sekä suhteessa toiseuteen. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa käytetään psykokognitiivista teoriaa representaatioista, sillä se korostaa uskonnollisten representaatioiden erityispiirteitä muihin representaaitoihin nähden. Tutkimus on laadullinen ja sen aineisto koostuu viidestä hunnuttautuvan naispuolisen muslimiopiskelijan haastattelusta. Analyysimetodina työssä käytetään diskurssianalyysia, jonka puitteessa identiteetin muodostumista analysoidaan kielen subjektiivisten elementtien sekä muslimiopiskelijoiden diskurssiin tuomien toiseuden ja jumalan äänen kautta. Tutkielman tulokset osoittavat kuinka länsimaalaiset individualistiset arvot, islamin usko sekä jumalan auktoriteettinen asema esiintyvät toisiaan täydentävinä, ei ristiriitaisina ilmiöinä muslimiopiskelijoiden diskurssissa. Auktoriteettinen jumala antaa jokaiselle yksilölle vapaan tahdon päättää ja toimia haluamallaan tavalla. Siksi huivin käytön taustalta löytyy usein henkilökohtaisia motiiveja, joita vahvistamaan haastateltavat lainaavat niin muiden ihmisten kuin jumalan puhetta. Huivin käyttöönottoa on edeltänyt pitkä itsetutkiskeluprosessi – uskon intellektualisointi. Täten korkeakoulussa opiskelevien musliminaisten usko eroaa pitkälti ”automaattisesta” uskosta, sillä se sisältää kyseenalaistamista, harkintaa sekä voimakkaita tunteellisia kokemuksia. Työn tulokset edesauttavat ymmärtämään kulttuurien välistä kommunikaatiota ja toiseutta. Mielekästä olisikin tutkia tarkemmin huivin käytön taustalta löytyviä motivaatioita sekä eihunnuttautuvien musliminaisten asenteita islamilaista huivia kohtaan tietyssä ympäristössä, kuten työpaikoilla tai yliopistolla.

Manon Lescaut : a lyric drama in four acts

Oletettavasti sama levytys kuin CD-julkaisussa RCA Victor Gold Seal Opera Series, 60573-2-RG, jossa tosin Plinio Clabassin tilalle merkitty Enrico Campi.

Beyond the obvious : three acts in educational drama

Researching research is not a common theme in educational drama. Nor is the educational drama process from a participant perspective a typical focus of research, at least not if the participants are disabled. Yet this is the theme of this thesis, a drama in three acts. The aim of this thesis is to describe, analyse, and discuss both the ways in which research within educational drama can be carried out and represented, and the experiences of the participants of the educational drama process. The theoretical framework that steers the research process is built up of two pairs of frames, each of them, like Russian nesting dolls, containing further frames. The first frame, relating to the outcomes of conducting research in educational drama, comprises philosophical, representational, and personal theories. As the second question asks what educational drama is, the subject related frame is built up of pedagogical, drama educational, and aesthetic theories. The study in its entirety follows the structure of the researcher’s hermeneutical learning process and takes the form of a journey starting from what is familiar, stretching towards what is new and different, and finally returning back to the beginning with a new view on what was there at the start. The thesis consists of two separate but related studies. The first, a familiar study conducted earlier, Alpha in Act I, was carried out among upper secondary school pupils. In the second, the new and therefore unfamiliar study, Omega in Act III, the participants are adult individuals who are physically and communicatively disabled. In between these two Acts an element of “Verfremdung” where the Alpha study is systematically scrutinized as the purpose is to teach and to manage the reader to think. Meta-discussions on the philosophical issues of the study are conducted throughout the text, parallel to the empirical parts. The outcomes of the first research question show that philosophical, methodical, and representational consistency is crucial for research. While this may sound like stating the obvious, this has nevertheless not always been considered fact, especially not within qualitative research. The outcomes further stress that representational issues are also to be recognized when presenting non-rational aspects of educational drama. By wording the world, through the use of visualising language, the surplus of meanings of educational drama can be, as they are within this study, made visible, sensible, and almost tangible, not only cognitively understandable. The outcomes of the second question point to the different foci of the studies, with Alpha focusing on the rationally retold experiences and Omega focusing on nonrational experiences. The outcomes expose educational drama as a learning process comprising doing, reflecting, and being. The doing aspect communicates the concrete efforts in creating a piece of theatre, while the being aspect relates experiences of being as situated, embodied and sensuous, reciprocal, empowering, aesthetic and artistic, and existential. Reflection is the twine that runs throughout the process and connects both doing and being. In summary, the outcomes could be formulated as “learning from learning how to make theatre”.

Between Dugin’s Eurasianism and Mahan’s Sea Power Concept: Russia’s Geopolitical Discourse within Foucault’s ‘Discursive Tree’ before and After the Incorporation of the Crimea

The fall of 2013 could be characterized as a crossroad in the geopolitics of Eastern Europe, namely Ukraine. Two rivalry geopolitical projects have been developing throughout the post-Cold War years, and it seems that they reached a collision point in Ukraine; a country whose authorities have been for long switching sides between the European Union and the Russian Federation in their foreign policy commitments. The refusal/postponing to sign the Association Agreement with Brussels, an expected event by a large category of the Ukrainian society, by Yanukovich’s government led to the outset of the latter; and brought a pro-Western, anti-Russian government in Kyiv. It seems that Ukraine, after those events, has embarked definitively on the path of integration into the West (European Union and possibly NATO). The Russian Federation, who has been throughout Putin’s years engaged into the re-integration of post-Soviet space, reacted to these developments in an assertive manner by violating borders, agreements and the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Thus, the incorporation of the Crimea into the Russian Federation is the first in its kind in the post-Soviet space, despite the existence of various other conflicts that broke out in the region after the Soviet Union broke up. I will investigate in this thesis the nature of what will be labelled, in this work, the Crimean issue. I argue that the incorporation of the Crimean peninsula into the Russian Federation marks a new era in Russian geopolitical thinking that shapes, to a far extent, Russian foreign policy. Discourse analysis will be the methodological basis for this study, with a special focus on Michel Foucault’s Archaeology of Knowledge. The innovation that this research brings is the fact that it discusses Russian geopolitical discourse within the scope of Foucault’s ‘discursive tree’, with a reference to the Crimean issue. A wide range of primary sources will be consulted in this study such as presidential addresses to the Federal Assembly (2000-2014), Foreign Policy Concepts of the Russian Federation (2000, 2008), Russian maritime doctrines, as wells as Dugin’s Osnovy Geopolitiki (Foundations of Geopolitics), Mahan’s (The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783) and other Eurasianism related literature.