Varkaus - Pieksämäki -seudun liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma

Varkaus-Pieksämäki-seudun liikenneturvallisuussuunnitelma on laadittu Varkauden ja Pieksämäen kaupunkien sekä Joroisten, Leppävirran ja Heinäveden kuntien alueelle. Suunnitelmassa on määritetty yhteiset seudulliset liikenneturvallisuuden ja esteettömyyden parantamista koskevat periaatteet sekä niiden ja kuntakohtaisten erityispiirteiden ohjaamina tarkemmin kuntakohtaiset liikenneympäristön parantamissuunnitelmat sekä liikenneturvallisuustyön toimintasuunnitelmat. Lisäksi suunnitelmassa on määritetty kuntakohtaiset kevyen liikenteen laatukäytävät. Kuntakohtaiset liikenneympäristön parantamistoimenpiteet on jaettu pieniin pikatoimenpiteisiin, varsinaisiin liikenneturvallisuustoimenpiteisiin sekä suurempiin ns. erillishankkeisiin. Toimenpiteiden toteuttaminen on vaiheistettu pikatoimenpiteiden ohella kolmeen ohjeelliseen kiireellisyysluokkaan; vuosina 2010-2013 ja 2014-2017 sekä vuoden 2018 jälkeen toteutettavat toimenpiteet. Toimenpiteistä on esitetty raportissa lyhyet yleiskuvaukset sekä tarkemmat, helposti päivitettävissä olevat toimenpidekartat ja –taulukot. Liikenneturvallisuustyön toimintasuunnitelmat on laadittu Varkauteen, Pieksämäelle, Leppävirralle ja Heinävedelle. Joroisten osalta toimintasuunnitelmat on laadittu vuonna 2007 yhdessä Rantasalmen ja Juvan kuntien kanssa eikä niitä uusittu tämän työn yhteydessä. Suunnitelmat laadittiin muutoin kuntakohtaisesti kaikkiin hallintokuntiin. Lisäksi määriteltiin kuntakohtaisten liikenneturvallisuustyöryhmien toimintamallit ja ryhmien tehtävät. Raportissa on esitetty myös liikenneturvallisuustyön seurannan toimintatavat. Raportin lisäksi työstä on laadittu aikaisempaa laajempi sähköinen oheisaineisto. Aineistossa on esitetty raporttia tarkemmin kuntakohtaiset aineistot.

Accuracy Analysis of Frequency Converter Estimates in Diagnostic Applications

Transportation of fluids is one of the most common and energy intensive processes in the industrial and HVAC sectors. Pumping systems are frequently subject to engineering malpractice when dimensioned, which can lead to poor operational efficiency. Moreover, pump monitoring requires dedicated measuring equipment, which imply costly investments. Inefficient pump operation and improper maintenance can increase energy costs substantially and even lead to pump failure. A centrifugal pump is commonly driven by an induction motor. Driving the induction motor with a frequency converter can diminish energy consumption in pump drives and provide better control of a process. In addition, induction machine signals can also be estimated by modern frequency converters, dispensing with the use of sensors. If the estimates are accurate enough, a pump can be modelled and integrated into the frequency converter control scheme. This can open the possibility of joint motor and pump monitoring and diagnostics, thereby allowing the detection of reliability-reducing operating states that can lead to additional maintenance costs. The goal of this work is to study the accuracy of rotational speed, torque and shaft power estimates calculated by a frequency converter. Laboratory tests were performed in order to observe estimate behaviour in both steady-state and transient operation. An induction machine driven by a vector-controlled frequency converter, coupled with another induction machine acting as load was used in the tests. The estimated quantities were obtained through the frequency converter’s Trend Recorder software. A high-precision, HBM T12 torque-speed transducer was used to measure the actual values of the aforementioned variables. The effect of the flux optimization energy saving feature on the estimate quality was also studied. A processing function was developed in MATLAB for comparison of the obtained data. The obtained results confirm the suitability of this particular converter to provide accurate enough estimates for pumping applications.

Laadulliset tutkimusmenetelmät teollisessa markkinoinnissa

Tämä kandidaatintyö käsittelee laadullisten tutkimusmenetelmien käyttöön teollisessa markkinoinnissa. Työssä tutkitaan laadullisten tutkimusmenetelmien käyttöä vuosien 2010-2013 aikana Industrial Marketing Management –lehdessä. Työssä käsitellään käytetyimpien menetelmien piirteitä, käyttöä ja soveltuvuutta teollisen markkinoinnin tutkimuksessa sekä vertaillaan menetelmiä keskenään. Työn lopussa pohditaan myös laadullisten tutkimusmenetelmien käyttöä tulevaisuudessa. Tutkimuksen pohjalta laadullisten tutkimusmenetelmien huomataan olevan kasvussa, kun taas kvantitatiivisten menetelmien käyttö on vähenemässä. Käytetyimmiksi tunnistetut menetelmät ovat case-menetelmä, joka on tutkimuksen perusteella tällä hetkellä suosituin menetelmä, grounded theory, etnografia ja narratiivinen tutkimus.

Geochemistry and water quality of Lake Qarun, Egypt

Water geochemistry is a very important tool for studying the water quality in a given area. Geology and climate are the major natural factors controlling the chemistry of most natural waters. Anthropogenic impacts are the secondary sources of contamination in natural waters. This study presents the first integrative approach to the geochemistry and water quality of surface waters and Lake Qarun in the Fayoum catchment, Egypt. Moreover, geochemical modeling of Lake Qarun was firstly presented. The Nile River is the main source of water to the Fayoum watershed. To investigate the quality and geochemistry of this water, water samples from irrigation canals, drains and Lake Qarun were collected during the period 2010‒2013 from the whole Fayoum drainage basin to address the major processes and factors governing the evolution of water chemistry in the investigation area. About 34 physicochemical quality parameters, including major ions, oxygen isotopes, trace elements, nutrients and microbiological parameters were investigated in the water samples. Multivariable statistical analysis was used to interpret the interrelationship between the different studied parameters. Geochemical modeling of Lake Qarun was carried out using Hardie and Eugster’s evolutionary model and a model simulated by PHREEQC software. The crystallization sequence during evaporation of Lake Qarun brine was also studied using a Jänecke phase diagram involving the system Na‒K‒Mg‒ Cl‒SO4‒H2O. The results show that the chemistry of surface water in the Fayoum catchment evolves from Ca- Mg-HCO3 at the head waters to Ca‒Mg‒Cl‒SO4 and eventually to Na‒Cl downstream and at Lake Qarun. The main processes behind the high levels of Na, SO4 and Cl in downstream waters and in Lake Qarun are dissolution of evaporites from Fayoum soils followed by evapoconcentration. This was confirmed by binary plots between the different ions, Piper plot, Gibb’s plot and δ18O results. The modeled data proved that Lake Qarun brine evolves from drainage waters via an evaporation‒crystallization process. Through the precipitation of calcite and gypsum, the solution should reach the final composition "Na–Mg–SO4–Cl". As simulated by PHREEQC, further evaporation of lake brine can drive halite to precipitate in the final stages of evaporation. Significantly, the crystallization sequence during evaporation of the lake brine at the concentration ponds of the Egyptian Salts and Minerals Company (EMISAL) reflected the findings from both Hardie and Eugster’s evolutionary model and the PHREEQC simulated model. After crystallization of halite at the EMISAL ponds, the crystallization sequence during evaporation of the residual brine (bittern) was investigated using a Jänecke phase diagram at 35 °C. This diagram was more useful than PHREEQC for predicting the evaporation path especially in the case of this highly concentrated brine (bittern). The predicted crystallization path using a Jänecke phase diagram at 35 °C showed that halite, hexahydrite, kainite and kieserite should appear during bittern evaporation. Yet the actual crystallized mineral salts were only halite and hexahydrite. The absence of kainite was due to its metastability while the absence of kieserite was due to opposed relative humidity. The presence of a specific MgSO4.nH2O phase in ancient evaporite deposits can be used as a paleoclimatic indicator. Evaluation of surface water quality for agricultural purposes shows that some irrigation waters and all drainage waters have high salinities and therefore cannot be used for irrigation. Waters from irrigation canals used as a drinking water supply show higher concentrations of Al and suffer from high levels of total coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC) and fecal streptococcus (FS). These waters cannot be used for drinking or agricultural purposes without treatment, because of their high health risk. Therefore it is crucial that environmental protection agencies and the media increase public awareness of this issue, especially in rural areas.