Ekenäs seminariums bibliotek

Ekenäs seminarium skötte den finlandssvenska folkskollärarinneutbildningen åren 1871-1974. Seminariets bibliotek flyttades, då skolan upphörde 1974, till Österbottens högskolas bibliotek och därifrån till Tritonia 2001. Samlingen består av ca. 8.000 böcker (207,6 hyllmeter) från olika ämnesområden med betoning på pedagogik, religion, historia och skönlitteratur. Över 90% av litteraturen är på svenska. Samlingen utgör ett intressant tidsdokument över den litteratur som användes i lärarutbildningen från medlet av 1800-talet till grundskolans införande. I samlingen ingår även en stor mängd årsberättelser från olika skolor, skolstatistik och protokoll från olika nationella lärarmöten samt pedagogiska tidskrifter. I samlingen finns även ett litet antal böcker och tidskrifter från Nykarleby seminarium, den finlandssvenska folkskollärarutbildningen, som även den upphörde 1974. Böckerna är ordnade ämnesvis enligt SAB (Sveriges allmänna bibliotek) i huvudklasser och inom dessa i alfabetisk ordning. Samlingen är inte katalogiserad i Tria.

Den finlandssvenska skolbokssamlingen

Skolbokssamlingen vid Tritonia består av ca 100 hm läroböcker som använts vid finlandssvenska skolor i Finland. Samlingen är indelad i den finlandssvenska skolbokssamlingen och den historiska skolbokssamlingen. Den finlandssvenska skolbokssamlingen består av läromedel främst för finlandssvensk grundläggande utbildning och gymnasium från 1960-talet till nutid. Samlingen är katalogiserad och tillgänglig för hemlån. Samlingen omfattar ca 4000 titlar och baseras på fortlöpande donation från Schildts & Söderströms förlag. Den består av teoriböcker, övningsböcker, lärarhandledningsböcker samt annat tillhörande material. Av varje titel finns 1-2 exemplar. Även Schildts förlags Ab:s läromedelsarkiv, böcker från Svenskfinlands läromedelscenter (av Skolstyrelsen godkända läromedel jämte utlåtanden), lättlästa läroböcker (LL) donerade av förlaget Lärum samt övrig anskaffning ingår. Katalogiseringen av samlingen har genomförts med projektmedel från Svenska kulturfonden. Den historiska skolbokssamlingen består av äldre läroböcker (från mitten av 1800-talet fram till år 1960) från bibliotek vid Finlands svenska folkskolor, Ekenäs seminarium och lärarseminariet i Nykarleby samt donationer av privatpersoner. Samlingen omfattar ca 50 hm och är ordnad enligt undervisningsämne med flest böcker inom modersmålet, matematik samt historia och samhällslära. Samlingen är till största del okatalogiserad.

THE COSTS OF RAISING EQUITY RATIO FOR BANKS Evidence from publicly listed banks operating in Finland

The solvency rate of banks differs from the other corporations. The equity rate of a bank is lower than it is in corporations of other field of business. However, functional banking industry has huge impact on the whole society. The equity rate of a bank needs to be higher because that makes the banking industry more stable as the probability of the banks going under will decrease. If a bank goes belly up, the government will be compensating the deposits since it has granted the bank’s depositors a deposit insurance. This means that the payment comes from the tax payers in the last resort. Economic conversation has long concentrated on the costs of raising equity ratio. It has been a common belief that raising equity ratio also increases the banks’ funding costs in the same phase and these costs will be redistributed to the banks customers as higher service charges. Regardless of the common belief, the actual reaction of the funding costs to the higher equity ratio has been studied only a little in Europe and no study has been constructed in Finland. Before it can be calculated whether the higher stability of the banking industry that is caused by the raise in equity levels compensates the extra costs in funding costs, it must be calculated how much the actual increase in the funding costs is. Currently the banking industry is controlled by complex and heavy regulation. To maintain such a complex system inflicts major costs in itself. This research leans on the Modigliani and Miller theory, which shows that the finance structure of a firm is irrelevant to their funding costs. In addition, this research follows the calculations of Miller, Yang ja Marcheggianon (2012) and Vale (2011) where they calculate the funding costs after the doubling of specific banks’ equity ratios. The Finnish banks studied in this research are Nordea and Danske Bank because they are the two largest banks operating in Finland and they both also have the right company form to able the calculations. To calculate the costs of halving their leverages this study used the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The halving of the leverage of Danske Bank raised its funding costs for 16—257 basis points depending on the method of assessment. For Nordea the increase in funding costs was 11—186 basis points when its leverage was halved. On the behalf of the results found in this study it can be said that the doubling of an equity ratio does not increase the funding costs of a bank one by one. Actually the increase is quite modest. More solvent banks would increase the stability of the banking industry enormously while the increase in funding costs is low. If the costs of bank regulation exceeds the increase in funding costs after the higher equity ratio, it can be thought that this is the better way of stabilizing the banking industry rather than heavy regulation.

THE COSTS OF RAISING EQUITY RATIO FOR BANKS Evidence from publicly listed banks operating in Finland

The solvency rate of banks differs from the other corporations. The equity rate of a bank is lower than it is in corporations of other field of business. However, functional banking industry has huge impact on the whole society. The equity rate of a bank needs to be higher because that makes the banking industry more stable as the probability of the banks going under will decrease. If a bank goes belly up, the government will be compensating the deposits since it has granted the bank’s depositors a deposit insurance. This means that the payment comes from the tax payers in the last resort. Economic conversation has long concentrated on the costs of raising equity ratio. It has been a common belief that raising equity ratio also increases the banks’ funding costs in the same phase and these costs will be redistributed to the banks customers as higher service charges. Regardless of the common belief, the actual reaction of the funding costs to the higher equity ratio has been studied only a little in Europe and no study has been constructed in Finland. Before it can be calculated whether the higher stability of the banking industry that is caused by the raise in equity levels compensates the extra costs in funding costs, it must be calculated how much the actual increase in the funding costs is. Currently the banking industry is controlled by complex and heavy regulation. To maintain such a complex system inflicts major costs in itself. This research leans on the Modigliani and Miller theory, which shows that the finance structure of a firm is irrelevant to their funding costs. In addition, this research follows the calculations of Miller, Yang ja Marcheggianon (2012) and Vale (2011) where they calculate the funding costs after the doubling of specific banks’ equity ratios. The Finnish banks studied in this research are Nordea and Danske Bank because they are the two largest banks operating in Finland and they both also have the right company form to able the calculations. To calculate the costs of halving their leverages this study used the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The halving of the leverage of Danske Bank raised its funding costs for 16—257 basis points depending on the method of assessment. For Nordea the increase in funding costs was 11—186 basis points when its leverage was halved. On the behalf of the results found in this study it can be said that the doubling of an equity ratio does not increase the funding costs of a bank one by one. Actually the increase is quite modest. More solvent banks would increase the stability of the banking industry enormously while the increase in funding costs is low. If the costs of bank regulation exceeds the increase in funding costs after the higher equity ratio, it can be thought that this is the better way of stabilizing the banking industry rather than heavy regulation.