Iäkkäiden potilaiden selviytyminen päivittäisistä toiminnoista keskisuomalaisessa erikoissairaanhoidossa

English summary: Elderly patients' coping with activities of daily living in Jyväskylä Central Hospital

Fractures in older people - incidence, predictors and consequences

In older populations, fractures are common and the consequences of fractures may be serious both for an individual and for society. However, information is scarce about the incidence, predictors and consequences of fractures in population-based unselected cohorts including both men and women and a long follow-up. The objective of this study was to analyse the incidence and predictors of fractures as well as functional decline and excess mortality due to fractures, among 482 men and 695 women aged 65 or older in the municipality of Lieto, Finland from 1991 until 2002. In analyses, Poisson’s, Cox proportional Hazards and Cumulative Logistic regression models were used for the control of several confounding variables. During the 12-year follow-up with a total of 10 040 person-years (PY), 307 (26%) persons sustained altogether 425 fractures of which 77% were sustained by women. The total incidence of fractures was 53.4 per 1000 PY (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 47.9 - 59.5) in women and 24.9 per 1000 PY (95% CI: 20.4 - 30.4) in men. The incidence rates of fractures at any sites and hip fractures were associated with increasing age. No significant changes in the ageadjusted incidence rates of fractures were found in either gender during the 12-year follow-up. The predictors of fractures varied by gender. In multivariate analyses, reduced handgrip strength and body mass index (BMI) lower than 30 in women and a large number of depressive symptoms in men were independent predictors of fractures. A compression fracture in one or more thoracic or upper lumbar vertebras on chest radiography at baseline was associated with subsequent fractures in both genders. Lower body fractures independently predicted both short- (0-2 years) and long-term (up to 8 years) functional decline in mobility and activities of daily living (ADL) performance during the 8-year follow-up. Upper body fractures predicted decline in ADL performance during longterm follow-up. In the 12-year follow-up, hip fractures in men (Hazard Ratio [HR] 8.1, 95% CI: 4.4-14.9) and in women (HR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.9-4.9), and fractures at the proximal humerus in men (HR 5.4, 95% CI: 1.6-17.7) were independently associated with excess mortality. In addition, leisure time inactivity in physical exercise predicted independently both functional decline and excess mortality. Fractures are common among older people posing serious individual consequences. Further studies about the effectiveness of preventing falls and fractures as well as improving care and rehabilitation after fractures are needed.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in Finnish children and adolescents : diagnosis, cognition, behavior, adaptation and brain metabolic alterations

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can potentially affect the developing fetus in devastating ways, leading to a range of physical, neurological, and behavioral alterations most accurately termed Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Despite the fact that it is a preventable disorder, prenatal alcohol exposure today constitutes a leading cause of intellectual disability in the Western world. In Western countries where prevalence studies have been performed the rates of FASD exceed, for example, autism spectrum disorders, Down’s syndrome and cerebral palsy. In addition to the direct effects of alcohol, children and adolescents with FASD are often exposed to a double burden in life, as their neurological sequelae are accompanied by adverse living surroundings exposing them to further environmental risk. However, children with FASD today remain remarkably underdiagnosed by the health care system. This thesis forms part of a larger multinational research project, The Collaborative Initiative on Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (the CIFASD), initiated by the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) in the U.S.A. The general aim of the present thesis was to examine a cohort of children and adolescents growing up with fetal alcohol-related damage in Finland. The thesis consists of five studies with a broad focus on diagnosis, cognition, behavior, adaptation and brain metabolic alterations in children and adolescents with FASD. The participants consisted of four different groups: one group with histories of prenatal exposure to alcohol, the FASD group; one IQ matched contrast group mostly consisting of children with specific learning disorder (SLD); and two typically-developing control groups (CON1 and CON2). Participants were identified through medical records, random sampling from the Finnish national population registry and email alerts to students. Importantly, the participants in the present studies comprise a group of very carefully clinically characterized children with FASD as the studies were performed in close collaboration with leading experts in the field (Prof. Edward Riley and Prof. Sarah Mattson, Center for Behavioral Teratology, San Diego State University, U.S.A; Prof. Eugene Hoyme, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, U.S.A.). In the present thesis, the revised Institute of Medicine diagnostic criteria for FASD were tested on a Finnish population and found to be a reliable tool for differentiating among the subgroups of FASD. A weighted dysmorphology scoring system proved to be a valuable additional adjunct in quantification of growth deficits and dysmorphic features in children with FASD (Study 1). The purpose of Study 2 was to clarify the relationship between alcohol-related dysmorphic features and general cognitive capacity. Results showed a significant correlation between dysmorphic features and cognitive capacity, suggesting that children with more severe growth deficiency and dysmorphic features have more cognitive limitations. This association was, however, only moderate, indicating that physical markers and cognitive capacity not always go hand in hand in individuals with FASD. Behavioral problems in the FASD group proved substantial compared to the typically developing control group. In Study 3 risk and protective factors associated with behavioral problems in the FASD group were explored further focusing on diagnostic and environmental factors. Two groups with elevated risks for behavioral problems emerged: length of time spent in residential care and a low dysmorphology score proved to be the most pervasive risk factor for behavioral problems. The results underscore the clinical importance of appropriate services and care for less visibly alcohol affected children and highlight the need to attend to children with FASD being raised in institutions. With their background of early biological and psychological impairment compounded with less opportunity for a close and continuous caregiver relationship, such children seem to run an especially great risk of adverse life outcomes. Study 4 focused on adaptive abilities such as communication, daily living skills and social skills, in other words skills that are important for gradually enabling an independent life, maintain social relationships and allow the individual to become integrated into society. The results showed that adaptive abilities of children and adolescents growing up with FASD were significantly compromised compared to both typically-developing peers and IQ-matched children with SLD. Clearly different adaptive profiles were revealed where the FASD group performed worse than the SLD group, who in turn performed worse than the CON1 group. Importantly, the SLD group outperformed the FASD group on adaptive behavior in spite of comparable cognitive levels. This is the first study to compare adaptive abilities in a group of children and adolescents with FASD relative to both a contrast group of IQ-matched children with SLD and to a group of typically-developing peers. Finally, in Study 5, through magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRS) evidence of longstanding neurochemical alterations were observed in adolescents and young adults with FASD related to alcohol exposure in utero 14-20 years earlier. Neurochemical alterations were seen in several brain areas: in frontal and parietal cortices, corpus callosum, thalamus and frontal white matter areas as well as in the cerebellar dentate nucleus. The findings are compatible with neuropsychological findings in FASD. Glial cells seemed to be more affected than neurons. In conclusion, more societal efforts and resources should be focused on recognizing and diagnosing FASD, and supporting subgroups with elevated risk of poor outcome. Without adequate intervention children and adolescents with FASD run a great risk of marginalization and social maladjustment, costly not only to society but also to the lives of the many young people with FASD.

Kotona asuvan muistipotilaan läheisen sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujen käyttö

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata kotona asuvan muistipotilaan läheisen sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujen käyttöä. Tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten muistipotilaaseen ja hänen läheiseensä itseensä liittyvät tekijät ovat yhteydessä muistipotilaan läheisen sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujen käyttöön. Tutkimus oli osa Euroopan Unionin rahoittamaa RightTi-mePlaceCare -tutkimusprojektia (FP7-Health-F3-2010–242153). Tutkimuksen kohderyhmän muodostivat säännöllisen kotihoidon piirissä olevat yli 65-vuotiaat muistipotilaat sekä heidän läheiset (N=182). Tutkimus toteutettiin Varsinais-Suomessa kolmen kaupungin alueelta tarkoituksenmukaista otantaa käyttäen. Aineisto kerättiin 19.11.2010–29.2.2012 välisenä aikana muistipotilaiden kotona haastattelemalla muistipotilaan nimeämää yhtä läheistä strukturoidun haastattelulomakkeen avulla, joka sisälsi neljä mittaria. Resource Utilization in Dementia (RUD)-mittarilla kerättiin tietoa läheisten taustasta, ajankäytöstä ja sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujen käytöstä. Läheisten elämälaatuun liittyvää terveydentilaa tutkittiin EQ-5D-mittarilla. Muistipotilaan päivittäisistä toiminnoista selviytymistä kuvattiin KATZ (The KATZ Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living)-mittarin avulla ja kognitiivista toimintakykyä S-MMSE (Standardized Mini-Mental State Examination)-mittarilla. Aineisto analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmien SPSS -tilasto-ohjelmalla. Läheisten keski-ikä oli 65 vuotta ja heistä yli puolet oli muistipotilaiden lapsia (54 %) ja naisia (60 %). Vajaa puolet (45 %) läheisistä asui muistipotilaan kanssa samassa taloudessa. Muistipotilaiden keski-ikä oli 83 vuotta ja heistä yli puolet (63 %) oli naisia. Läheisten sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujen käyttö oli vähäistä. Eniten he käyttivät yleislääkärin, fysioterapeutin palveluita ja maksettuja kuljetuspalveluita. Muistipotilaiden puolisot ja heidän kanssaan asuvat sekä naispuoliset läheiset käyttivät eniten palveluita. Kyseiset tekijät olivat yhteydessä palvelujen käyttöön. Muistipotilaat tarvitsivat jonkin verran apua päivittäisissä toiminnoissa. Läheiset, jotka käyttivät eniten aikaa muistipotilaan päivittäisissä toiminnoissa auttamiseen, käyttivät enemmän palveluita. Läheisten palvelujen käyttö oli yhteydessä muistipotilaan valvontaan käytetyn ajan kanssa. Muistipotilaan ja hänen läheisensä taustaan liittyvillä tekijöillä on merkittävä rooli läheisten sosiaali- ja terveyspalvelujen käyttöön. Läheisten palvelujen käyttöön liittyvät tekijät tulee ottaa huomioon kun tuloksia hyödynnetään käytäntöön ja kun muistipotilaan läheisiä tukevia sosiaali- ja terveyspalveluita suunnitellaan ja kohdennetaan läheisille.